Suchergebnisse

It is noted that the role of the banking system in the development of Ukraine's economy is exceptional, as it has a multiplier effect on all its other components. Therefore, it is important to solve a set of problems related to its formation and modern organization. The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of formation and search for ways to improve the organization of the banking system of Ukraine, taking into account foreign experience. It is noted that the process of formation of the two-tier banking system of Ukraine, as well as most countries, was quite complex and long. In this regard, a set of problems related to its modern organization is considered, and ways to solve them in the context of foreign experience are outlined. It is shown that in the structure of the banking system of Ukraine, in contrast to Germany, Italy, USA and other countries, some types of specialized banks, in particular land and cooperative, whose services are very important for the development of small and medium business and rural areas . It is proved that the tendencies to universalization and uneven distribution by regions of banking institutions do not contribute to improving the efficiency of their operation. The prospects of Internet banking development and the expediency of establishing the Ukrainian Development Bank are emphasized. It is noted that in Ukraine, in contrast to, for example, France, banks have limited membership in various unions or associations, which does not provide a synergy effect and makes it difficult to control their activities. It is shown that banks in Ukraine are not officially members of financial-industrial groups and, unlike banks in the United States, Japan, Germany, South Korea and other countries, do not play a proper role in the development of the national economy. It is noted that non-bank financial institutions in the future may play, as the experience of the United States and the United Kingdom, a significant role in financing business development. It is shown that the role of such institutions and institutions as new legislative acts, the Deposit Guarantee Fund of individuals, the Financial Stability Board, etc. should increase in solving the problems of the organization of the banking system of Ukraine. It is noted that the solution of many problems of the organization of the banking system of Ukraine will depend on how highly organized the NBU will be in it. To do this, it is necessary to: clarify its functions (taking into account the experience of the Bank of France); bring under them a new organizational structure; intensify the work of the Monetary Policy Committee (based on the experience of the United Kingdom and Canada); clearly define reserve assets, independence and forms of interaction with the government (taking into account the experience of Japan and other countries); increase the transparency of activities. Improving the organization of the banking system of Ukraine in accordance with international practices and European standards will help increase its efficiency and successful implementation of the tasks facing it in terms of national economic development. ; Визначено роль банківської системи в розвитку економіки України. Відмічено, що процес її формування, як і в більшості країн, був досить складним і тривалим. Розглянуто комплекс проблем організації банківської системи України. Вказано на відсутність деяких видів спеціалізованих банків, надмірну універсалізацію банківських установ та їх нераціональний регіональний розподіл. Підкреслено песпективність розвитку в Україні Інтернет-банкінгу, доцільність створення окремого банку розвитку, необхідність підвищення ефективності роботи банківських спілок, асоціацій, небанківських фінансових установ та регуляторних інституцій. Відмічено, що вирішення багатьох проблем організації банківської системи України залежатиме від того, наскільки високорганізованим елементом у ній стане Національний банк. При пошуку шляхів вирішення наявних проблем враховано зарубіжний досвід.

It is noted that in the conditions of democratization of public life and implementation of the decentralization reform in Ukraine, successful development of territorial communities should depend first of all on the participation of the people who live there. It is shown that the growth of civic activity will become organized in nature, provided that the activities of the bodies of self-organization of the population are created and expanded. Forms and mechanisms of citizen participation in ensuring the effective activity of local self-government bodies are grounded, among which local initiatives occupy a special place. An example of their successful implementation in Vinnytsia at the expense of the Public Initiatives Budget, which is part of the budget of the city community, is given. The necessity of participation of citizens in local development, in particular in the development and approval of schemes for planning and development of settlements, the approval of the Strategy for the development of territorial communities, the implementation of infrastructure projects, the formation and distribution of local budget expenditures have been proved. The reasons for the lack of qualified personnel in the local self-government bodies, especially in the rural united territorial communities, were identified. The prospects of ensuring the effective functioning of local self-government bodies in connection with the transition to e-government and the use of e-democracy tools such as e-petitions, public participation budgets, public procurement control system ProZorro, e-declarations and more are revealed. New opportunities are opened for this purpose to control the activity of local self-government bodies by citizens and the state. The necessity of introduction of a special system of state supervision over the activity of local self-government bodies on the basis of the institute of prefects has been proved. It is concluded that new forms of participation of citizens and the state in the activities of local self-government require the use of adequate methods of assessing its effectiveness. ; Відзначено, що в умовах демократизації суспільного життя та реалізації реформи децентралізації в Україні успішний розвиток територіальних громад має насамперед залежати від участі людей, які там проживають. Показано, що зростання громадянської активності набуватиме організованого характеру за умови створення і розгортання діяльності органів самоорганізації населення. Обгрунтовано форми та механізми участі громадян у забезпеченні ефективної діяльності органів місцевого самоврядування. Виявлено причини нестачі кваліфікованих кадрів в органах місцевого самоврядування, зокрема в сільських об'єднаних територіальних. Розглянуто можливості підвищення ефективності діяльності органів місцевого самоврядування у зв'язку з переходом до електронного урядування, удосконаленням контролю з боку громадян та упровадженням спеціальної системи державного нагляду на базі інституту префектів.

The article justifies the necessity of technological restructuring in the production sector of Ukraine and its regions in the post-industrial era. Also, it explains the importance of capital investments for a rapid development of more advanced industrial activities. Based on the methodological approaches related to structuring in the production sector of Ukraine and its regions and given various levels of technological development (technological modes), the author develops a new methodological approach, which includes both basic elements of structural analysis and special ones, implying the use of Heckman's factor. The dynamics and structure of capital investments are analyzed, their impact on the turnover in Ukraine and its regions is determined in terms of particular industrial activities of various technological levels. Strategic objectives of technological restructuring in the production sector of Ukraine and its regions in the post-industrial era are identified. They involve the improvement of social and political institutions as well as the implementation of a more balanced state industrial policy. In order to establish a post-industrial technological structure in the production sector of Ukraine and its regions the advantage of increasing capital investments and their redistribution towards high technology industrial activities are recognized.

The article is aimed at studying the experience of foreign countries and the former USSR in terms of reforming the economy of the regions, using theories of their development and spatial organization. To this end, the corresponding theories are grouped according to their belonging to the main schools of economic thought and practical orientation. Also, the experience of their positive application is revealed. Thus, theories of the first group, which are based on classical political economy, marginalism and neoclassicalism, are oriented towards the improvement of the spatial organization of the economy (theories of production placement and the spatial organization of the economy), the greatest application was found in Germany and the former USSR. Theories of the second group (planned economic and Keynesian type), envisaging large-scale state aid to backward regions, such as the theory of state regulation of the development of regions, were widely practiced in the USSR and the United States. Theories of the third group (institutional direction), which are aimed primarily at interregional redistribution of economic growth (regional science, "growth poles", clusters, etc.), were used in most countries of the world, but their experience in France, Italy and Finland. Theories of the fourth group (based on the neoclassical synthesis), which envisage the balanced use of the resource potential of the regions (primarily the theory of sustainable self-development of the regions), have become widespread in the EU countries and may therefore become particularly popular in Ukraine in connection with its Euro-integration aspirations. It is the latter group of theories that should become the "core" of the ensemble of theories, which it is advisable to rely on in the process of reforming the economy of the regions of Ukraine. Key words: economics of the region, economic theory, economic reforms, development of regions, spatial organization of economy, foreign experience.

Introduction. The processes of property ownership reform entered into an active phase inUkraine in 1992. They were aimed, above all, at overcoming the monopoly of state ownership, resuscitation of private ownership and achieving real pluralism of different forms of ownership. However, the transformations in the area of property relations were characterized by numerous conflicts and abuses, which gave rise to a number of problems that need to be addressed.Purpose. The purpose of the article is to assess the key areas of the reform of state property management in the context of property ownership reform and to substantiate ways to increase the efficiency of public sector enterprises in the Ukrainian economy.Results. The evaluation and substantiation of concrete proposals within the framework of the main directions of the reform of management of state enterprises, in particular such as: improvement of corporate governance, are given; review of the principles and mechanisms of corporate governance by state banks; the introduction of a transparent process for the appointment of heads of state enterprises and the establishment of the market level of their wages; training managers of major state-owned enterprises; definition of clear goals of state enterprises activity, division of commercial and non-profit functions; increase of efficiency of state enterprises; introduction of property policy; introduction of advanced world practices in the sale of state-owned enterprises; corporatization of state-owned objects; restructuring and reorganization of business entities. Several areas of reformation of property relations that are not foreseen by the reform are allocated, namely: optimization of the share of state property; return of the controlling block of shares to strategically important enterprises; application of procedures for re-privatization and nationalization; formation of an effective shareholder mechanism.Originality. In contrast to the official (government) position, an attempt has been made to prove that: 1) the effectiveness of the supervision of the National Bank of Ukraine in the activities of banks, including public ones, is low; 2) the size of salaries of heads of large state enterprises is unreasonably overestimated; 3) state enterprises should clearly distinguish between commercial and non-commercial (social) functions; 4) the ineffectiveness of state-owned enterprises (as a prerequisite for their privatization) can only be said when they are cleared of corruption-related individuals and innovatively enriched; 5) the strategic vision of the government regarding the division of state enterprises into three groups (remaining in state ownership, which are intended for privatization in the process of reorganization or liquidation) or the so-called "triage" should be reconsidered in favor of the enterprises of the first group; 6) sale of large privatization objects with the involvement of an investment advisor should be justified from the point of view of national security; 7) all state-owned enterprises (and not only state-owned) should be subordinated to the relevant ministries and departments; 8) the share of state property in Ukraine is critically low; 9) the formation of a socially oriented market economy in Ukraine should take full advantage of the ownership form of ownership.Conclusion. At first glance, steps and measures for reforming property relations, in particular privatization of state property, are aimed at improving the efficiency of the functioning of the state sector of the economy. But it is possible that, instead of privatization in the context of a socially oriented market economy, we will have a large-scale giper of state ownership by representatives of the kleptocratic authority and the oligarchs approaching them.