Suchergebnisse

Water pricing and reducing the costs of the implementation and maintenance of irrigation systems have been a challenging topic for a long time. Water pricing issues combine two complex dimensions. The first dimension is the economy of the farm and its association with the broader economic system and farming practices. The second dimension is the hydrology and interconnection of the plot with the irrigation system, the river basin, and the underlying water policy framework. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate how the institutionalization of water applied would affect water productivity through the implementation of a water-pricing policy. To this end, this study formulated a Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) model with a gross margin maximizing objective function to assess the data collected from 213 farms in Hamadan-Bahar Plain, Iran. The results revealed that a water-pricing policy can change the cropping pattern and also irrigation system within the limitations of the case study. It can also be a driver to motivate farmers to use a modern and more efficient irrigation system. The potential environmental benefits from the improved on-farm irrigation efficiency depend on the government's ability to prevent the extension of the irrigated area. In absence of such controls, the aquifer depletion will be accelerated. Therefore, an appropriate water-pricing policy could improve water productivity and also reduce water applied.

Understanding the dynamic of land use/land cover (LULC) can assist relevant authorities in implementing them along with management options for natural forests like Desa'a forest in Northern Ethiopia. It is worth mentioning that no comprehensive study has been done so far on the overall change of LULC within the surrounding of Desa'a forest areas. This study aimed at analyzing the LULC changes and driving factors in Desa'a forest through Landsat images (i.e., 1973 (MSS), 1986 (TM), and 2015 (OLI)) and maximum likelihood supervised classification. Post classification pixel to pixel comparison was also performed to detect changes from year to year. Finally, focus group discussions were made to identify the LULC change drivers and support the computer-based classifications accuracy. Results demonstrated that both dense (54.11%) and open forest (28.48%) in 1973 covered almost 83% of the total forest area while only 17% was covered by grasslands (10%), farmland (3%), and bare land (4%). This is despite the fact that woody vegetation covered only 39% of the total forest reserve in 2015. During the study period, almost 54,000 ha of grasslands and open and dense forests have been converted to either bare land or farmland, of which 48,163 ha were previously open dense forests. Continuing with such a trend will lead to more severe deforestation and it is necessary to identify and modify the driving variables in Desa'a forest. The results also showed that fire, agricultural expansion, grazing and browsing effect, drought, extraction of wood, and lack of government attention are the major deforestation driver in Desa'a forest. The results of this study can provide a practical perspective for land use planners to manage LULC changes, reduce greenhouse gases, and enhance the biodiversity conservation in the region. In addition, the findings of the current study could provide a perfect source for calculations and choosing the best policy-making decisions to protect and manage plans for Desa'a forest.