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La farmacoeconomia fornisce gli elementi necessari per stabilire quale sia la terapia maggiormente costo/efficace tra le alternative disponibili. Il volume si propone di illustrare brevemente i principi di base della farmacoeconomia soffermandosi più approfonditamente sulle quattro tecniche di valutazione completa: analisi di minimizzazione dei costi, analisi costo/efficacia, analisi costo/utilità e analisi costo/benefici, tutte corredate di un esempio pratico per apprendere il meccanismo della costruzione di ciascuna analisi

Orphan drugs definition should be related to prevalence criteria. In Europe the prevalence criterion is 5/10.000. These drugs are called "orphans" because the pharmaceutical industry has little interest under normal market conditions in developing and marketing products intended for only a small number of patients. For this reason governments have emphasized the need for economic incentives to encourage drug companies to develop and market orphan drugs. Aim of this study is the analysis of the contributing factors involved in the price definition of orphan drugs in Italy, focusing on the case of DepoCyte®, a new orphan drug recently approved by the European Medicines Agency. DepoCyte® is a slow-release formulation of cytarabine designed for intrathecal administration in the treatment of neoplastic meningitis due to metastatic cancers. It maintains cytotoxic concentrations of free cytarabine in the cerebrospinal fluid for more than 14 days following a single injection. In two randomized clinical trials DepoCyte® was compared to standard formulation of cytarabine, showing a better time to neurologic progression and survival trend in favor of DepoCyte®, associated with an improved mean change about quality of life in Karnofsky performance score. The innovative technology and the efficacy of DepoCyte® allow to frame some interesting pharmacoeconomical consequences: the results of the present work showed that DepoCyte® is more expensive but also more effective than standard formulation, and the new formulation-correlated improvement in the patients' quality of life seems to justify the difference between the costs of the two alternatives.