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Programs in the global south with international backing that help economically marginalized girls gain a sense of agency have been rightly criticized for ignoring structural barriers to girls' progress. Nevertheless, connecting adolescent girls with knowledge about rights and assertiveness training increases their belief they can and should stand up for themselves. A pilot qualitative study of an empowerment camp begun by a local group in Telangana India, which has reached 65,000+ girls across seven states, was conducted to clarify what information campers thought they gained and what actions they had taken. Interview results show campers believed camp was effective and helped them argue to oppose child marriage, stay in school, and question dowry. Campers reported they thought the scope of change might be limited until elders validated the camp's messages. Unexpectedly camp also transformed the attitudes and beliefs of the highly educated counselors. I conclude by suggesting attitudinal change is worthy of pursuing for its own sake.

The article's abstract is no available.

AbstractThis paper is part of a longitudinal study on a group of Iranians migrants residing in Australia. It focuses on the formation of a virtual community among a group of Persian bloggers in the diaspora. The paper starts with an overview of virtual communities and the conditions that need to be met for any online group to be considered a community. This is followed by the communicative characteristics of weblogs that allow for community formation. The discussion then moves specifically to the examination of the existence of a sense of community (SOC) among the Persian bloggers in the diaspora by highlighting different communication features of these weblogs and analysing their social networks. In doing so, the discussion concentrates on the performances of the bloggers and their interactions with each other, and the way they perform cultural identity in their virtual circles. The findings show the importance of virtual spaces for diasporic groups and how they are used to form clos-knit circles in the diaspora.

Purpose
Social support is a significant factor in the life of homeless people, as it helps them meet their life challenges more efficiently and increases the likelihood of return to a normal life. Social support plays a different role in homeless women's life, as gender culture often causes them to be exposed to more risks. The purpose of this paper is to identify homeless people's access to social support from their network members, with a comparison between men and women.


Design/methodology/approach
In this study, a survey method was used with an administrated questionnaire. Participants were recruited from among the homeless people (men and women) who used the municipal social services in shelters and social service centers in Tehran. The main variables in this study included frequency of contact, social support, and gender.


Findings
The results have shown significant differences between homeless men and homeless women in terms of frequency of contact and receipt of social support. Homeless women contacted their network members more often than did homeless men and also received more support. There seems to be a strong correlation between the receipt of social support and women's greater ability for social communication, as well as with traditional culture, which considers women to be weak and dependent so that they receive more support compared with men. The weakness of social support, especially among homeless men, requires serious attention; however, homeless women are not in a favorable situation either.


Originality/value
The social networks of homeless people who usually live on the streets and in public places without permanent shelter are weak because of various reasons, including poverty, addiction, immigration, and divorce. The weakness of social support leads to an escalation of their vulnerabilities. Thus, it is necessary, in social policy and services, to improve the social network of high-risk people such as homeless people, which would help the rehabilitation process and reduce the probability of exposure to harm.

Welche gesellschaftliche Bedeutung hatte der Hut im Zeitalter der Aufklärung, wer konnte welche Hüte kaufen? Wie veränderten sich die Nachfrage und das Phänomen der Mode durch die Ausdifferenzierung der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft? Und wie reagierten und agierten die Gewerbetreibenden unter sich wandelnden gesellschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen? Die Autorin liefert unter Einbeziehung von über 200 privaten Briefen eine umfassende Analyse des vorindustriellen Hutmachergewerbes einschließlich des zeitgenössischen Produktionsprozesses. Dabei werden Konsumverhalten, Rohstofflage, Innovationen und deren innereuropäische Verbreitungswege zwischen 1750 und 1850 in Beziehung zueinander gebracht. Es zeigt sich, dass die zünftigen Hutmacher ganz eindeutig »Träger« protoindustriellen Wachstums waren.

Throughout Islamic history, there have been various theories about the relationship between religion and politics, from disagreement to controversy. This debate has also come to the attention of scholars in the modern era after the important event of the abolition of the Ottoman caliphate. Dr. Mohammed Ahmed Khalafallah, as one of the New Mu'tazilis, rejected the relationship in this area, With the layout of the "worldly government" theory. He considered Islam a cultural element Referring to the historical origin of the meanings of the political terminology and neglect the Qur'anic-political theories, the Qur'an being devoid of new political terms and acknowledging the disapproval of the confluence of religion and state in the sacred text with the Shari'ah, He considers the government based on the council (democracy) and his legitimacy depends on it. And by explaining the difference between the "Prophet's position" and the "political power of the Prophet" based on the Qur'an and history, the Prophet's government introduces a civil (not religious) phenomenon that will not continue thereafter. The present study, by descriptive-analytical method, seeks to find out the causes of such ideas in Khalafallah and to explain the impact of three factors of political developments (caliphate crisis - colonialism), scientific (renewal of religious heritage) and cultural (defending Islam and the Prophet (pbuh) against the Western notion) address his thinking.

Throughout Islamic history, there have been various theories about the relationship between religion and politics, from disagreement to controversy. This debate has also come to the attention of scholars in the modern era after the important event of the abolition of the Ottoman caliphate. Dr. Mohammed Ahmed Khalafallah, as one of the New Mu'tazilis, rejected the relationship in this area, With the layout of the "worldly government" theory. He considered Islam a cultural element Referring to the historical origin of the meanings of the political terminology and neglect the Qur'anic-political theories, the Qur'an being devoid of new political terms and acknowledging the disapproval of the confluence of religion and state in the sacred text with the Shari'ah, He considers the government based on the council (democracy) and his legitimacy depends on it. And by explaining the difference between the "Prophet's position" and the "political power of the Prophet" based on the Qur'an and history, the Prophet's government introduces a civil (not religious) phenomenon that will not continue thereafter. The present study, by descriptive-analytical method, seeks to find out the causes of such ideas in Khalafallah and to explain the impact of three factors of political developments (caliphate crisis - colonialism), scientific (renewal of religious heritage) and cultural (defending Islam and the Prophet (pbuh) against the Western notion) address his thinking.

The concept of electricity markets -- Electricity market forecasting -- Electricity market price uncertainty modeling -- Generation company offering strategy and supply function equilibrium -- Transmission company scheme -- Distribution company behavior -- Loss allocation in distribution systems -- Bidding and offering strategy of retailer in smart grid -- Virtual power plant scheduling issues -- Large consumer presence in electricity market -- Demand response aggregator -- Electric vehicle aggregator -- Smart home management -- Energy hub operator -- Various degrees of liberalization and deregulation in different countries -- Impact of PV and wind power penetration on the electricity market -- Renewable energy support and other energy policies -- Electricity storage and its implications.

Smart grids and green wireless communications -- Implementation of Demand Response Programs on Unit Commitment Problem -- Hourly price-based demand response for optimal scheduling of integrated gas and power networks considering compressed air energy storage -- Energy management of hybrid AC-DC microgrid under demand response programs: Real-time pricing versus time-of-use pricing -- Distribution Feeder Reconfiguration Considering Price-based Demand Response Program -- Risk-Constrained Intelligent Reconfiguration of Multi-Microgrids based Distribution Systems under Demand Response Exchange -- AC Optimal Power Flow Incorporating Demand Side Management Strategy -- Demand side integration in the operation of LV smart grids -- Multi-objective optimization model for optimal performance of an off-grid microgrid with distributed generation units in the presence of demand response program -- Optimal Operation of the Microgrid Considering Network Losses and Demand Response Programs under Condition of Uncertainty -- Techno-Economic Framework for Congestion Management of Renewable Integrated Distribution Networks through Energy Storage and Incentive-based Demand Response Program -- Stochastic Optimal Preventive Voltage Stability Control in Power Systems under demand response program.