Suchergebnisse

Multinational corporations play more roles in social and cultural and political issues in this century. This growing trend in multinational companies, has led the international law, talk about "corporate social responsibility". One of the most important aspects of CSR is environmental issues. The question is that is there enough regulatory basis- at the local or international level- to guaranty responsible behavior of these companies. And in the cases of environmental damages which parts of a company should be responsive and compensate damages. Perhaps the assignment of responsibility in the actions against multinational companies on environmental issues is not too difficult; the reason is that losses are objective and external. Note that in many deserving cases, harm to the environmental rights is a violation of human rights, particularly the third generation of human rights.

The relationship between economic development, energy consumption and the environmental issues is complex. However, energy law is based on reciprocal benefits for governments while environmental law is based on common interests and erga omnes. Studies have shown that despite the implementation of several energy and environmental conventions at international levels, the situation of global environmental conditions is critical. Different concepts and conflicting interests between the energy supply system and environmental protection have led to poor implementation of some conventions. The present study examined some existing rules and regulations on energy and the environment and identified the strengths and weaknesses of the descriptive-analytic method. The purpose of investigating these conventions is to decrease the weaknesses and increase the strengths. The strengths can then be used for environmental concerns and international obligations of states under the rules of erga omnes to protect the environment and sovereignty of states for jurisdictional and energy management within national boundaries. The investigations revealed the characteristics of an international convention to decrease conflicts of interest between the energy supply system and environmental protection. In addition, two facilitator mechanisms are proposed for effective implementation of the international convention on energy and the environment.

The jurisprudence position difference in common law systems and the written law among the sources of law requires the study of the jurisprudence role in the interpretation of the law, and its adaptation to the realities of society. In Iranian law, jurisprudence means identical judgments of prosecutors from additional resources and commentary, and accepting the fact that, it could create a legal rule seems unlikely. In France, with the approval of the separation of powers and criticizing the classical doctrine, it seemed unlikely, the jurisprudence has a legislative role, however, such an idea has been expanded with all law branches and it seems to be a balance between resources related to legislate on the one hand and jurisprudence, on the other hand. Since, the rules express the general rules and it is impossible to predict the detail in the legislative practically, it is jurisprudence that could provide interpretations consistent with realities and social requirements of the law, in a complementary and commentary role. In this paper, the relationship between jurisprudence and interpretation of the law, especially in cases where we face with the need to interpret the law and the effectiveness of position on the interpretation of the law and its adaptation with the realities of society by jurisprudence will be discussed. These matters are examined with the descriptive analysis method that shows the importance of them in highlighting the role of jurisprudence in the legal system.

ABSTRACTHepatitis B is an infectious disease to which dentists are susceptible. The main aim of this study was to determine the level of antibody titer and immunity in vaccinated Iranian general dentists. A total of 861 general dentists were invited to participate in this study; 598 persons who could recall their history of vaccination and consented to have blood samples taken were recruited. Demographic and work‐related data were recorded, and anti‐Hepatitis B surface antigen (anti‐HBs‐Ag) evaluations were measured using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Of the 598 participants, 35 (5.9%) were nonimmune (anti‐HBs <10 IU/l), 101 (16.9%) were relatively immune (anti‐HBs = 10–99 IU/l), and 462 (77.3%) were completely immune (anti‐HBs ≥100 IU/l). Only 218 (36.5%) of the dentists knew their HBs antibody titer. Fourteen (2.3%) persons reported receiving one dose and 65 (10.9%) had received two doses. The number of those who had received the three recommended doses totaled 519 (86.8%), 491 (82.1%) of them receiving their vaccine on schedule. Age, city, pack‐years of smoking, years of smoking, and the interval between the last vaccination and the commencement of the study had a significant relationship to the antibody titer level, whereas sex, marital status, place of practice, smoking, and vaccination schedule were not related. Only 36.5% of the general dentists had checked their antibody titer. We, therefore, recommend that dentists, as a potential high‐risk group, should know their level of anti‐HBs antibody titer so that those who require revaccination can get treatment.