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In establishing the thematic scope of this work, I assumed that its subject would be the process of the formation of border services in interwar Poland. This means a deliberate and complete disregard for the essentially distinct administrative role played by the border guard. The presentation of the Border Guard from an administrative perspective changes the situation so profoundly that a thorough discussion of its implications would certainly double the volume of the publication. A superficial treatment of the administrative issue would lead to misunderstandings. Furthermore, a superficial omission of the administrative issue was deemed necessary because the formations were mainly military in nature. Before going into details and elaborations, I would like to present my main research objective, which is the following question: what was the evolution of the legal status of Polish border formations in the inter-war period? In view of this objective, it is necessary to present the work from a historical perspective. The chronology of the facts is important for the subject matter, as it serves to systematise the considerations. The structure of the work and the research method were adjusted to the above-mentioned assumptions of the publication, which shows the reasons for the creation and the process of transformation of the border formations in relation to various types of institutional solutions, up to the moment of the creation of the Border Protection Corps and the Border Guard Corps, operating under these names until 1939. The potential conclusions resulting from this chapter concern: the presentation of the institutional construction of the border formations in the years 1918–1939 and the demonstration that in the interwar period they were the main organs of the Second Polish Republic, which guaranteed the inviolability of state territory and the security of the citizens on the subordinate territory. ; p.zawadzki@uwb.edu.pl ; Uniwersytet w Białymstoku ; Ajnenkiel A., W rocznicę Konstytucji 3 Maja, ...

The purpose of this article is to set out the multiannual process for establishing the European Ombudsman's office and the reasons for its establishment. It presents the history of the first European Ombudsmen and the history of the European Communities from a legal perspective. The author goes back to the reasons for setting up the European Ombudsman's body, which were the lack of legitimacy in the European Union. The role of bodies such as the European Ombudsman is to ensure that citizens' rights are actually respected. The European Ombudsman strengthens the rule of law in the European Union and complements the role of the courts by providing a cheap, accessible individual remedy and, on the other hand, complements the representative function of the European Parliament by becoming the centre of independent critical assessment and improvement of the quality of European administration. The rule of law serves to maintain the EU system as a supranational system. It is the construction of the axis of integration. If there is a lack of trust in the community in this respect, it begins to be treated differently. It is therefore important that the European Ombudsman fulfils his Treaty obligations as a body of the European Union effectively. ; p.zawadzki@uwb.edu.pl ; Uniwersytet w Białymstoku ; Arcimowicz J., Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich: aktor sceny publicznej, Warszawa 2003. ; Barcz J. (red.), Prawo Unii Europejskiej, Warszawa 2004. ; Doliwa-Klepacka A., Doliwa-Klepacki Z.M., Struktura organizacyjna (instytucjonalna) Unii Europejskiej, Białystok 2009. ; Dubowski T., Wysoki przedstawiciel unii do spraw zagranicznych i polityki bezpieczeństwa, Białystok 2017. ; Garlicki L., Ewolucja instytucji Rzecznika Praw Obywatelskich w świecie współczesnym, [w:] Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich, red. L. Garlicki, Warszawa 1989. ; Grzybowski M., Ombudsman w państwach nordyckich. 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Garlicki, Warszawa 1989. ; Gillingham J., Coal, Steel, and the Rebirth of Europe, 1945-1955: The Germans and French from Ruhr Conflict to economic community, Univeristy of Missouri, St. Louis 1997. ; Ipsen H.P, Europäisches Gemeinschaftsrecht, Verlag 1972. ; Jackiewicz A., Prawo do dobrej administracji w świetle Karty Praw Podstawowych, "Państwo i Prawo" 2003, nr 7. ; Klepacki K., Instytucja ombudsmana na szczeblu lokalnym na przykładzie Wielkiej Brytanii – wybrane aspekty, "Internetowy Przegląd Nauk o Administracji" 2018, nr 1(1). ; Lenaerts K, Van Nuffel P., Constitutional law of the European Union, London 2005. ; Legrand A., Une institution universelle : L'ombudsman?, "Revue internationale de droit compare" 1973, vol. 25 no 4. ; Liber M., Duński Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich, "Studia Politicae Universitatis Silesiensis" 2005, nr 1. ; Mielnik B., Obywatelstwo Unii Europejskiej, Wrocław 2000. ; Nugent N., The Government and Politics of the European Union, Macmillan Education UK 2017. ; Sadowski P., Skarga do Rzecznika Praw Obywatelskich Unii Europejskiej, "Studia Iuridica Lublinensia" 2006, nr 7. ; Söderman J., A Thousand and One Complaints: The European Ombudsman en Route, "European Public Law" 1997, vol. 3. ; Söderman J., Good Administration: a Fundamental Right, [in:] Justice and Home Affairs in the EU. Liberty and Security Issues after Enlargement, ed. J. Apap, Northampton 2004. ; Söderman J., Le citoyen, l'État de droit et le principe de transparence, "Revue du droit de l'Union européenne" 2001, vol. 4. ; Söderman J., Convention on the Future of Europe, "European Ombudsman Newsletter" 2003, nr 23. ; Söderman J., The Early Years of the European Ombudsman, [in:] The European Ombudsman. Origins, Establishment, Evolution, Luxembourg 2006. ; Söderman J., The role and the impact of the European Ombudsman in access to documentation and transparency of decisionmaking, [w:] Opennes and Transparency in the European Union, ed. V. Deckmyn, I. 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The aim of this article is to show the high level of corruption offences and the ineffectiveness of the existing legal and institutional solutions in the Balkan states, which are part of the Three-Seas initiative. The effectiveness of the regulations in force in these countries deviates from the standards set by the European Union. This has implications for the success of the Three-Seas-Initiative. The current state of affairs is the result of clashing ideas about the membership of Balkan countries in a particular sphere of influence. The services of the Russian Federation (GRU or SWR) play a significant role in maintaining the current status quo. Observation of corruption offences in the Balkans shows that the bodies set up to investigate corruption offences do not have effective powers to prevent, detect and prosecute such offences. An evaluation of the regulations in force in this area shows that they are ineffective. A solution which would ensure that the Balkans meet European standards on preventing and combating corruption could be theimplementation of the institutional model of the Central Anti-Corruption Bureau in force in the Republic of Poland by reforming the Balkan anti-corruption services.