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This article presents a reflexive discussion of insider and outsider positions in a qualitative study researching Islamophobic hate crime with Muslim women who wear the niqab (face veil) in public in the United Kingdom (UK). As a non-Muslim woman, some aspects of my identity can be linked to insider positions while other aspects of my identity can be linked to outsider positions, with implications for the documentation of participants' lived experiences. Within the framework of 'critical reflexivity', this article considers the impact of my insider/outsider status at each stage of the research process, from deciding on the research topic, the research design, accessing participants through to data collection and analysis. This article re-articulates the importance of researcher reflexivity, particularly when both researchers and participants exhibit multiculturality (for example, in the context of having multicultural backgrounds), which has become more common in the globalised world. It will be concluded that engaging in critical reflexivity is important for producing reliable and ethical research as it enables researchers to be aware of their position in the 'space between' and be transparent how their positionality impacts on the entire research process.

Rates of hate crime within football have been increasing, despite the visibility of anti-racist actions such as 'taking the knee'. With a unique collection of testimonies, this book shows that hostility is a daily occurrence for some professional football players, ranging from online threats to physical intimidation and violence at football matches. Bringing a range of perspectives to this widespread problem, leading academics, practitioners and policy makers shed light on the best strategies to tackle racism, homophobia, transphobia and misogyny in football.

Theorising misogyny, gender and 'hate crime' -- A feminist theoretical exploration of misogyny and hate crime / Marian Duggan and Hannah Mason-Bish -- Extending the concept, or extending the characteristics? Misogyny or gender? / Kim McGuire -- Online and offline spaces -- Gender as a protected characteristic: a legal perspective / Chara Bakalis -- Online misogyny as a hate crime: #TimesUp / Kim Barker and Olga Jurasz -- From sexism to misogyny: can online echo chambers stay quarantined? / Alexandra Krendel -- Identities and lived experiences -- Adolescent girls' experiences of street harassment: emotions, comments, impact, actions and the law / Rachel Harding, Lucy Betts, David Wright, Sheine Peart and Catarina Sjolin -- Misogyny, hate crimes and gendered Islamophobia: Muslim women's experiences and responses / Amina Easat-Daas -- The intersection of antisemitism and misogyny / Lesley Klaff -- An exposition of sexual violence as a method of disablist hate crime / Jane Healy -- Trans identities, cisgenderism and hate crime / Michaela Rogers -- "Not the right kind of woman": transgender women's experiences of transphobic hate crime and trans-misogyny / Ben Colliver -- Practice and activism -- A call to feminist praxis: the story of Nottingham's misogyny hate crime policy / Zaimal Azad and Sophie Maskell -- Policing misogyny as a hate crime -- the Nottinghamshire police experience / Sue Fish -- Informing legal change: the language of misogyny hate crime, gender and enhancing protection through criminal law / Louise Mullany, Loretta Trickett and Victoria Howard -- Our streets now: demanding an end to public sexual harassment / Maya Tutto.

Cover; Half Title; Title Page; Copyright Page; Table of Contents; List of tables; 1. Introduction; Background and context; Key themes and concepts; How to use this textbook?; Why study Islamophobia?; What is Islamophobia? Checklist; Key theories in relation to Islamophobia; Key questions; Further reading; References; 2. Understanding Islamophobic hate crime; Introduction; Defining hate crime; Conceptualising Islamophobia; Islamophobia and racism; The racialisation of Muslim identity; Legislation for racially and religiously motivated hate crime; Contemporary Islamophobia

Islamophobia examines the online and offline experiences of hate crime against Muslims, and the impact upon victims, their families and wider communities. It includes the voices of victims themselves, which leads to strategies for future prevention.

"This book examines the experiences of veiled Muslim women as victims of Islamophobia, and the impact of this victimisation upon women, their families and wider Muslim communities. Based on empirical research, it explores the vulnerability of veiled Muslim women to acts of Islamophobic hate and prejudice in public places. Zempi and Chakraborti examine how Islamophobic victimisation is experienced as 'part and parcel' of wearing the veil, rather than as isolated one-off incidents, and how repeat incidents of supposedly low-level forms of hostility such as name-calling, persistent staring and other types of intimidatory behaviour place a potentially huge emotional burden on victims. The threat of Islamophobic abuse and violence has long-lasting effects for both actual and potential victims, underlining the case for a more effective approach to engaging with veiled Muslim women as victims of Islamophobia; one which recognises their multiple vulnerabilities and which takes into consideration their distinct cultural and religious needs. Islamophobia, Victimisation and the Veil provides a timely insight into an under-researched and challenging set of issues, and will be essential reading for students, academics and practitioners working across a range of disciplines including Criminology, Sociology, Victimology and Gender Studies."--

This article examines the role of researchers' emotions when researching sensitive topics. Drawing on two different ethnographic research projects, experiences of imprisonment and hate crime victimisation, respectively, we reflect on the important role that our emotions occupied within the research context. Within the framework of sociology of emotions, we discuss our subjective experiences of qualitative research with prisoners and victims of hate crime. We actively celebrate the work by Bondi (2005) and offer an extended discussion on the value of using emotions as important methodological tools that should be used as part of the methodological and analytical process. We employ the concept of the 'emotional turn' to emphasise the importance of researcher emotions in ethnographic work, and the value of those emotions in guiding methodological and ethical decision making. Specifically, we use envy, guilt and shame – three key emotions that we both experienced and utilised throughout our independently conducted research projects – to illustrate how and why emotions are important for guiding decision making in research. The particular emotions centred here (envy, guilt, and shame) are not tied to hard-to-reach groups or sensitive topics; rather, emotionally engaged research is important as all researchers need to understand how their emotions could/should shape their methodological choices. The article concludes by assessing the value and challenges of embracing the emotional turn, and offers some methodological guidance for future researchers. Within this we raise important questions about the universality of emotions experienced during research. We tentatively conclude that research work does trigger shared emotive responses.

Within the prevailing post-9/11 climate, veiled Muslim women are commonly portrayed as oppressed, 'culturally dangerous' and 'threatening' to the western way of life and to notions of public safety and security by virtue of being fully covered in the public sphere. It is in such a context that manifestations of Islamophobia often emerge as a means of responding to these 'threats'. Drawing from qualitative data elicited through a UK-based study, this article reflects upon the lived experiences of veiled Muslim women as actual and potential victims of Islamophobia and examines the impacts of Islamophobic attacks upon victims, their families and wider Muslim communities. Among the central themes we explore are impacts upon their sense of vulnerability, the visibility of their Muslim identity, and the management of their safety in public. The individual and collective harms associated with this form of victimisation are considered through notions of a worldwide, transnational Muslim community, the ummah, which connects Muslims from all over world. We conclude by noting that the effects of this victimisation are not exclusively restricted to the global ummah; rather, the harm extends to society as a whole by exacerbating the polarisation which already exists between 'us' and 'them'.

Anti-Muslim hate crime is usually viewed in the prism of physical attacks; however, it also occurs in a cyber context, and this reality has considerable consequences for victims. In seeking to help improve our understanding of anti-Muslim hate crime, this article draws on the findings from a project that involved qualitative interviews with Muslim men and women who experienced both virtual and physical world anti-Muslim hate, and reported their experiences to the British government-funded service Tell Measuring Anti-Muslim Attacks. In doing so, this article sets out the first ever study to examine the nature, determinants and impacts of both virtual and physical world anti-Muslim hate crime upon Muslim men and women in the United Kingdom. Correspondingly, we found that victims of both virtual and physical world anti-Muslim hate crime are likely to suffer from emotional stress, anxiety and fear of cyber threats materializing in the 'real world'.

Foreword; Jasmin Zine -- Introduction; Amina Easat-Daas and Irene Zempi -- Islamophobia as Intersectional Phenomenon; Saima N. Ansari and Tina G. Patel -- Political, Colonial, and Libidinal Economies of Gendered Islamophobia; Ben Whitham -- Gendered Islamophobic Securitisation and the Headscarf Conundrum in France and the Netherlands; Flavie Curinier, Richard McNeil-Willson, Seran de Leede and Tahir Abbas -- On White Male Desires and Projections: Islamophobia and Patriarchy; Farid Hafez -- From Silent Majority to Safeguarding: mapping the representation of Muslim women in UK counterterrorism policies; Naaz Rashid -- Muslim women, English language and Countering Violent Extremism; Madiha Neelam and Kamran Khan -- Beyond the bakwaas: securitising Muslim male identities; Isobel Ingham-Barrow -- From Terrorists to Paedophiles: Investigating the Experience and Encounter of Islamophobia on Muslim Men in Contemporary Britain; Chris Allen -- British Muslim men, stigma and clothing choices; Fatima Rajina -- Removal of the Niqab in Court: A structural barrier to equality; Jeremy Robson -- #HandsOffMyHijab: Muslim women writers challenge contemporary Islamophobia; Ramisha Rafique and Jenni Ramone -- Islamophobic hate crime towards non-Muslim Men; Imran Awan and Irene Zempi -- Spatialising Islamophobia: responding to and resisting anti-Muslim racism in Scotland; Robin Finlay and Peter Hopkins -- In the name of Muslim women's right to learn? A Study of Moroccan migrant mothers in the Belgian 'Citizenisation' context; Amal Miri -- The left, liberalism and Gendered Islamophobia in France and Belgium; Amina Easat-Daas -- 'Men come and go, but God is and remains': Finnish Female Converts to Islam and Agency; Linda Hyökki -- How can you be Muslim? You look like you are Greek! Investigating Muslim Women's Experiences of Islamophobia in Greece; Christina Verousi -- 'I don't dress like you': Islamophobia between the (in)visible violence again Muslim Women in Italy, and Resilience; Rafaella Monia Callia and Roberto Flauto -- Hindutva and the Muslim problem: An exploration of gendered Islamophobia in India; Tania Saeed -- Hindutva, Muslim women and Islamophobic governance in India; Nitasha Kaul and Annapurna Menon -- Expect it and accept it: Coping with Islamophobia in the Canadian medical field; Katherine Bullock -- An Unseen Methodological Crisis (Forced) Adaptions to Online Qualitative Methodological Encounters, Disruptions and Challenges during the COVID-19 Pandemic for Researching Marginalised Individuals on Gendered Islamophobia in Canada; Arshia U. Zaidi -- Two different countries, a common phenomenon: Comparative Study of Islamophobia in Turkey and Germany; Turgay Yerlikaya and Yasemin Güney -- Why being a woman matters in countering Islamophobia in Australia; Susan Carland -- Dangerous Muslim wombs and the fear of replacement: Experiences from Australia and Aotearoa – New Zealand; Shakira Hussain, Liz Allen and Scott Poynting.

Nils Christie's (1986) seminal work on the 'Ideal Victim' is reproduced in full in this edited collection of vibrant and provocative essays that respond to and update the concept from a range of thematic positions. Each chapter celebrates and commemorates his work by analysing, evaluating and critiquing the current nature and impact of victim identity, experience, policy and practice. The collection expands the focus and remit of 'victim studies', addressing key themes around race, gender, faith, ability and age while encompassing new and diverse issues. Examples include sex workers as victims of hate crimes, victims' experiences of online fraud, and recognising historic child sexual abuse victims in Ireland. With contributions from an array of academics including Vicky Heap (Sheffield Hallam University), Hannah Mason-Bish (University of Sussex) and Pamela Davies (Northumbria University), as well as a Foreword by David Scott (The Open University), this book evaluates the contemporary relevance and applicability of Christie's 'Ideal Victim' concept and creates an important platform for thinking differently about victimhood in the 21st century

Why has so much hate crime policy seemingly ignored academic research? And why has so much research been conducted without reference to policy? This book bridges the gap between research and policy by bringing together internationally renowned hate crime experts from the domains of scholarship, policy and activism. It provides new perspectives on the nature of hate crime victimisation and perpetration, and considers an extensive range of themes, challenges and solutions which have previously been un- or under-explored. In doing so, the book offers innovative ways of combating and preventing hate crime that combine cutting-edge research with the latest in professional innovations. Essential reading for students, academics and practitioners working across a range of disciplines including criminology, sociology and social policy, Responding to Hate Crime makes a clear and compelling case for closer and more constructive partnerships between scholars and policy makers