Suchergebnisse

Abstract. We consider the effect of slowly varying depth on the values of skewness and kurtosis of weakly nonlinear irregular waves propagating from deeper to shallower water. It is known that the equilibrium value of kurtosis decreases with decreasing depth for waves propagating on constant depth. Waves propagating over a sloping bottom must continually adjust toward a new equilibrium state. We demonstrate that weakly nonlinear waves may need a considerable horizontal propagation distance in order to adjust to a new shallower environment, therefore the kurtosis can be notably different from the equilibrium value for each corresponding depth both on top of and beyond a bottom slope. A change of depth can provoke a wake-like spatially non-uniform distribution of kurtosis on the lee side of the slope. As an application, we anticipate that the probability of freak waves on or near the edge of the continental shelf may exhibit a rather complicated spatial structure for wave fields entering from deep sea.

Although it is well recognized that environmental labeling certification (ELC) is becoming an increasingly important voluntary environmental regulation worldwide, the evidence regarding its role in environmental innovation remains unknown. This study examines the impact of ELC on corporate environmental innovation (CEI) from both external and internal perspectives via the combination of legitimacy theory and the resource management perspective. Based on panel data of listed Chinese manufacturing firms from 2008 to 2014, it is found that ELC improves CEI. However, this relationship is also regulated by two contextual factors: the positive impact of ELC on CEI is found to be stronger for non-state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs) than for state-owned enterprises (SOEs), and it is stronger for firms in regions with a low degree of local government intervention than for firms in regions with a high degree of local government intervention. This study makes important theoretical contributions and has extensive practical value.