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Advances in Filament Yarn Spinning of Textiles and Polymers reviews the different types of spinning techniques for synthetic polymer-based fibers, and issues such as their effect on fiber properties, including melt, dry, wet, and gel spinning. Synthetic polymer-based fibers are used in a great variety of consumer and industrial textile applications ranging from clothing to home furnishings to surgical procedures. This book explores how a wide array of spinning techniques can be applied in the textile industry. Part one considers the fundamental structure and properties of fibers that determine their behavior during spinning. The book then discusses developments in technologies for manufacturing synthetic polymer films to produce different fibers with specialized properties. Part two focuses on spinning techniques, including the benefits and limitations of melt spinning and the use of gel spinning to produce high-strength and high-elastic fibers. These chapters focus specifically on developments in bi-component, bi-constituent, and electro-spinning, in particular the fabrication of nanocomposite fibers. The final chapters review integrated composite spinning of yarns and the principles of wet and dry spinning. This collection is an important reference for a wide range of industrial textile technologists, including spinners, fabric and garment manufacturers, and students of textile technology. It is also of great interest for polymer scientists. Reviews the different spinning techniques and issues such as their effect on fiber properties, including melt, dry, wet, and gel spinning Considers the fundamental structure and properties of fibers that determine their behavior during spinning Reviews integrated composite spinning of yarns and the principles of wet and dry spinning.

AbstractThe resurgence of populism has presented a grave threat to democratic governance across the globe. Drawing on a cross‐national dataset of 155 countries from 1960 to 2020, we leverage the leadership turnovers within countries and use fixed effects models to estimate the effect of populist leadership on corruption. We find that populist leadership is associated with a substantial increase in executive corruption, but not other types of corruption. We also provide evidence that populist leaders are more likely to undermine judicial and legislative constraints, which in turn opens the door for massive executive corruption. We further show that whereas affluent resources exacerbate populist leaders' corruption, high‐quality bureaucracies, strong opposition parties, vigorous civil society organizations, and critical media work to mitigate the effect of populist leadership on corruption. This study contributes to the understanding of the nexus between populism and corruption and, more broadly, coping strategies for democratic backsliding.

China has set out an ambitious target of emission abatement ; that is, a 60&ndash ; 65% reduction in CO2 emission intensity by 2030 compared with the 2005 baseline level and emission peak realisation. This paper aimed to forecast whether China can fulfil the reduction target of CO2 emission intensity and peak by 2030 based on the historical time series data from 1990 to 2018. Four different forecasting techniques were used to improve the accuracy of the forecasting results: the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and three grey system-based models, including the traditional grey model (1,1), the discrete grey model (DGM) and the rolling DGM. The behaviours of these techniques were compared and validated in the forecasting comparisons. The forecasting performance of the four forecasting models was good considering the minimum mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), demonstrating MAPE values lower than 2%. ARIMA showed the best forecasting performance over the historical period with a MAPE value of 0.60%. The forecasting results of ARIMA indicate that China would not achieve sufficient reductions despite its projected emission peak of 96.3 hundred million tons by 2021. That is, the CO2 emission intensity of China will be reduced by 57.65% in 2030 compared with the 2005 levels. This reduction is lower than the government goal of 60&ndash ; 65%. This paper presents pragmatic recommendations for effective emission intensity reduction to ensure the achievements of the claimed policy goals.

Prior to the signing of the Long-Term Trade Agreement (LTTA) in 1978, management of China's economic relations with Japan was centrally planned. The LTAA agreement, however, allowed the two countries to develop special bilateral economic relations, with China relying heavily on Japan for capital and technology to fuel its modernisation drive and Japan depending on China's energy and raw materials to enhance its economic security. But China's marketoriented reforms led to a transformation of economic relations between the two countries. Balanced bilateral trade became difficult to sustain as China's oil production stagnated, and it became impossible to meet the huge demand for purchase of Japanese capital goods. As China reoriented its development strategy to adjust the balance between its different sectors, implementation of the LTTA agreement became harder to maintain. More generally, China's global economic interdependence increased with internationalisation of the Chinese economy, contributing to Japan's relative decline as a trading partner for China. Marketisation transformed the management of China–Japan economic relations, with decentralised economic interests becoming the driving force in the pattern of bilateral trade flows. From the mid-1980s, labour-intensive products replaced energy as China's major exports to Japan. With the rapid development of Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI) in China, changes in bilateral trade patterns became closely associated with industrial restructuring in each country. This paper focuses on how China's market-oriented reform and internationalisation led to changed economic relations with Japan. Reorientation of China's development strategy was associated with acceptance of the notion of international economic interdependence; this contributed to the internationalisation of the Chinese economy but also to the erosion of Japan's position as China's predominant trading partner. Internationalisation also strengthened the division of labour in China based on the principle of comparative advantage and further shaped the pattern of bilateral trade between China and Japan. As China–Japan bilateral economic links expanded, adjustments to domestic interests in one country increasingly resulted in the need for adjustments in the other, at times contributing to bilateral economic friction, such as trade and FDI disputes. Dealing with these disputes tested management of the China–Japan economic relationship which became increasingly driven by decentralised market forces that made control via a centralised bilateral mechanism such as the LTTA agreement no longer feasible. The need to develop multilateral rules-based institutions to govern bilateral economic interchange became acute.

The 1978 Long Term Trade Agreement between the People's Republic of China & Japan called for a special bilateral relationship between the two countries, but China's market-oriented reforms & internationalization have affected economic relations with Japan. With China's recognition of international economic interdependence, especially within the Asia Pacific region, & China's shift in its mix of goods, labor, & investments, Japan is no longer China's predominant trading partner. Domestic interests in both countries have affected exports, leading to trade friction. A centralized bilateral mechanism has proved to be unfeasible in the face of decentralized market forces. Japan & China have enormous differences in lifestyles, values, decision-making practices, & politics, but these may lessen as China approaches Japan & the West economically. A multilateral, rules-based framework in which Japan participates can facilitate China's integration into the world economy & resolve Sino-Japanese friction. 5 Tables. M. Pflum