Social media is now ubiquitously used by political campaigns, but less attention has been given to public discussions that take place on candidates' free public accounts on social media. Also unclear is whether there is a relationship between campaign messaging and the tone of public comments. To address this gap, this article analyzes public comments on Facebook accounts of candidates Trump and Clinton during the US election presidential debates in 2016. We hypothesize that attack messages posted by the candidates predict uncivil reactions by the public and that the public is more likely to be uncivil when attacking candidates. We use content analysis, supervised machine learning, and text mining to analyze candidates' posts and public comments. Our results suggest that Clinton was the target of substantially more uncivil comments. Negative messages by the candidates are not associated with incivility by the public, but comments are significantly more likely to be uncivil when the public is attacking candidates. These results suggest that the public discourse around political campaigns might be less affected by what campaigns post on social media than by the public's own perceptions and feelings toward the candidates.
Political campaign scholars have been concerned about the nature and effects of negative messages. Although much research has examined attack advertisements in broadcast media, more research is needed to understand attack messaging on social media. We conducted a content analysis of campaign tweets generated by candidates who ran for governor in 2014 in the United States. We examine the variables that relate to campaign attack message posting and predict its spread. Analysis suggests challengers are more likely to attack, but incumbent-generated messages are more likely to spread. We also found that attack messages are more likely than advocacy messages to be retweeted.
In: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety: EES ; official journal of the International Society of Ecotoxicology and Environmental safety, Band 270, S. 115829
Each battery technology possesses intrinsic advantages and disadvantages, e.g., nickel–metal hydride (MH) batteries offer relatively high specific energy and power as well as safety, making them the power of choice for hybrid electric vehicles, whereas aqueous organic flow batteries (AORFBs) offer sustainability, simple replacement of their active materials and independent scalability of energy and power, making them very attractive for stationary energy storage. Herein, a new battery technology that merges the above mentioned battery technologies through the use of redox-mediated reactions is proposed that intrinsically possesses the main features of each separate technology, e.g., high energy density of the solid active materials, easy recyclability, and independent scalability of energy and power. To achieve this, Ni(OH)2 and MHs are confined in the positive and negative reservoirs of an AORFB that employs alkaline solutions of potassium ferrocyanide and a mixture of 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone and 7,8-dihydroxyphenazine-2-sulfonic acid as catholyte and anolyte, respectively. An energy density of 128 Wh L–1 is achieved based on the capacity of the reservoirs leaving ample room for improvement up to the theoretical limit of 378 Wh L–1. This new battery technology opens up new market opportunities never before envisaged, for redox flow batteries, e.g., domestic energy storage and heavy-duty vehicle transportation. ; Spanish Government through the Research Challenges Programme (Grant No. RTI2018-099228-A-I00). E.V. thanks the MINECO for the financial support (RYC2018-026086-I).
Qi Wang,1 Zhanwei Wang,1 Feifei Zhang,1 Chunjiang Zhao,1 Bin Yang,2 Ziyong Sun,3 Yaning Mei,4 Feng Zhao,5 Kang Liao,6 Dawen Guo,7 Xiuli Xu,8 Hongli Sun,9 Zhidong Hu,10 Yunzhuo Chu,11 Yi Li,12 Ping Ji,13 Hui Wang1 1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China; 2Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, People's Republic of China; 3Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China; 4Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China; 5Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Shaw Hospital (SRRSH), Affiliated with the Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, People's Republic of China; 6Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China; 7Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China; 8Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xijing Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an 100191, People's Republic of China; 9Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China; 10Department of Clinical Laboratory, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; 11Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China; 12Department of Clinical Laboratory, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, People's Republic of China; 13Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, People's Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Hui WangDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of ChinaTel/ Fax +86-10-88326300Email whuibj@163.comPurpose: The Chinese Meropenem Surveillance Study (CMSS) was conducted every 2 years from 2010 to 2018 to monitor the antimicrobial activity of commonly used antimicrobial agents against nosocomial gram-negative bacilli in China.Methods: From 2010 to 2018, 6,537 gram-negative bacilli were collected from 14 teaching hospitals. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of meropenem and other antimicrobial agents were determined using the agar dilution and broth microdilution methods.Results: Continuous surveillance indicated that, except for Klebsiella pneumoniae, the susceptibility of Enterobacterales to carbapenems was relatively stable over time. Carbapenems had the highest activity against the tested isolates, with MIC90 values (MIC for 90% of organisms) ranging from 0.032 mg/L to 8 mg/L. More than 90% of bacteria were susceptible to either meropenem or imipenem; more than 80% were susceptible to ertapenem. The prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. mirabilis each year was 50.4– 64.3%, 18– 41.2%, and 1.9– 33.8%, respectively. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) continued to increase significantly over time, from 7.6% to 21.2% and 64.6% to 69.3%, respectively. The prevalence of CRKP was higher from urinary tract infections (25.4%) than from bloodstream infections (14.2%), intra-abdominal infections (14.5%), and respiratory infections (14.4%). In total, 129 CRKP isolates were evaluated by PCR; of these, 92 (71.3%) carried the blaKPC-2 gene. Colistin maintained very high in vitro antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii (more than 95% of isolates exhibited susceptibility at all timepoints).Conclusion: The results indicate an increase in K. pneumoniae resistance to carbapenems over time, mainly owing to KPC-type carbapenemase production. A. baumannii was severely resistant to carbapenems in China. Ongoing MIC-based resistance surveillance, like CMSS, provides additional data for clinical anti-infective treatment.Keywords: CMSS, gram-negative bacilli, antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance, carbapenem-resistant
