Suchergebnisse

Electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbing materials play an increasingly important role in modern society for their multi‐functional in military stealth and incoming 5G smart era. Dielectric loss EM wave absorbers and underlying loss mechanism investigation are of great significance to unveil EM wave attenuation behaviors of materials and guide novel dielectric loss materials design. However, current researches focus more on materials synthesis rather than in‐depth mechanism study. Herein, comprehensive views toward dielectric loss mechanisms including interfacial polarization, dipolar polarization, conductive loss, and defect‐induced polarization are provided. Particularly, some misunderstandings and ambiguous concepts for each mechanism are highlighted. Besides, in‐depth dielectric loss study and novel dielectric loss mechanisms are emphasized. Moreover, new dielectric loss mechanism regulation strategies instead of regular components compositing are summarized to provide inspiring thoughts toward simple and effective EM wave attenuation behavior modulation.

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Bay Area, located in the southeast of China, suffers typhoon-related storms and floods. This paper presents a spatial-temporal rainfall generation model for regional flood response analysis, with its parameters easily obtainable from historical point observations. The model generates point rainfall event series at different rainfall stations with variables describing the external structure and a predefined internal profile within an alternating renewal model framework. Spatial correlation of rainfall process between different sites within the study area is considered, and the areal rainfall distribution of each time slot is obtained from multi-point rainfall amounts. The model performs well in the reproduction of regional rainfall statistical characteristics. ; This research was supported by Science and Technology Plan of Shenzhen (20180428170335970) and the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong SAR Government (Nos. C6012-15G and 16206217).

Abstract. Landslides threaten the safety of vehicles on highways. When
analyzing the risk of a landslide hitting moving vehicles, the spacing
between vehicles and the types of vehicles on the highway can be highly
uncertain and have often been omitted in previous studies. Using a highway slope in Hong Kong as a case study, this paper presents a method
for assessing the risk of moving vehicles being hit by a rainfall-induced landslide; this method also allows for the possible number of different types of vehicles hit by the
landslide to be investigated. In this case study, the annual failure
probability of the slope is analyzed based on historical slope failure data
from Hong Kong. The spatial impact of the landslide is evaluated based on an
empirical run-out prediction model. The consequences of the landslide are assessed using
probabilistic modeling of the traffic, which can consider uncertainties in the
vehicle spacing, vehicle types and slope failure time. Using the suggested
method, the expected annual number of vehicles and people hit by the
landslide can be conveniently calculated. This method can also be used to derive the
cumulative frequency–number of fatalities curve for societal risk
assessment. Using the suggested method, the effect of factors like the annual
failure probability of the slope and the density of vehicles on the risk level of
the slope can be conveniently assessed. The method described in this paper
can provide a new guideline for highway slope design in terms of managing
the risk of landslides hitting moving vehicles.

Rural areas in many developing countries lack an effective waste management system, leading to poor environmental hygiene. As an initial but integral step toward sustainable waste management, fostering better household compliance with waste‐sorting regulation has become an important policy agenda. This paper devotes attention to evaluating the effectiveness of extrinsic incentives, more specifically, reward–penalty schemes, on promoting rural households' participation in waste sorting. By exploiting an original survey of 1,058 rural households conducted in the Taihu Basin of China, we empirically find that (1) reward–penalty scheme considerably promotes rural households' engagement with waste sorting; (2) the more stringently the scheme is implemented, the higher the probabilities of more frequent sorting; and (3) point reward, which can be exchanged for vouchers used in local stores, is the most effective extrinsic incentive for promoting waste sorting. The findings provide insights for enhancing rural waste sorting in the developing world.