Suchergebnisse

This book comprehensively describes the major ecosystem services in dryland environments that are provided by typical land use, including forestland, grassland and farmland, using the Loess Plateau, Northwest China as an example. It offers extensive information on land policy, implementation and scientific evidence, and discusses the restoration of the degraded Loess Plateau environment, which that brings new challenges in the sustainable use of natural resources, in particular soil and water. It presents a transdisciplinary and up-to-date understanding of interlinkages and competition between different ecosystem services and illustrates benefit sharing among different users and stakeholders, land- management practitioners and local governments. It is a major contribution to the on-going debate on future land-development strategies and identifies areas where there is a need for more research. This book is a valuable resource for students, scientists and policy makers.

Abstract
In recent years, economic growth has caused an increasing number of environmental problems in China. In order to achieve the goal of carbon peak on schedule, enterprises need to accelerate green transformation and upgrading. Environmental protection expenditure and green technology innovation are important means of corporate environmental governance strategy, but it is unknown whether they can promote the sustainable development of enterprises. Therefore, this article will analyze the effect of enterprise environmental protection expenditure and green technology innovation on financial performance. Based on relevant theories, this study builds a theoretical model to demonstrate how enterprise environmental protection expenditure and green technology innovation can affect the financial performance of heavy polluting enterprises. Empirical tests are carried out using 293 heavy polluting enterprises in China as the sample. The results reveal that: (i) Enterprise environmental protection expenditure has significant negative effects on current enterprise financial performance, while green technology innovation can significantly promote enterprise financial performance. (ii) When the lag period is two periods, the enterprise environmental protection expenditure and green technology innovation have positive effects on enterprise financial performance respectively, and the effects are the most significant. (iii) Enterprise environmental protection expenditure and green technology innovation synergistically promote enterprise financial performance in the current period, and the impact has a lag effect. (iv) In state-owned enterprises and enterprises with higher corporate governance level, the synergetic promotion effect of environmental protection expenditure and green technology innovation on enterprise financial performance is more significant. Finally, this study provides suggestions for promoting the transformation and upgrading of heavy polluting enterprises and achieving sustainable development from the perspectives of the government, enterprises and the public.

Abstract. Landslides threaten the safety of vehicles on highways. When
analyzing the risk of a landslide hitting moving vehicles, the spacing
between vehicles and the types of vehicles on the highway can be highly
uncertain and have often been omitted in previous studies. Using a highway slope in Hong Kong as a case study, this paper presents a method
for assessing the risk of moving vehicles being hit by a rainfall-induced landslide; this method also allows for the possible number of different types of vehicles hit by the
landslide to be investigated. In this case study, the annual failure
probability of the slope is analyzed based on historical slope failure data
from Hong Kong. The spatial impact of the landslide is evaluated based on an
empirical run-out prediction model. The consequences of the landslide are assessed using
probabilistic modeling of the traffic, which can consider uncertainties in the
vehicle spacing, vehicle types and slope failure time. Using the suggested
method, the expected annual number of vehicles and people hit by the
landslide can be conveniently calculated. This method can also be used to derive the
cumulative frequency–number of fatalities curve for societal risk
assessment. Using the suggested method, the effect of factors like the annual
failure probability of the slope and the density of vehicles on the risk level of
the slope can be conveniently assessed. The method described in this paper
can provide a new guideline for highway slope design in terms of managing
the risk of landslides hitting moving vehicles.

Preface -- Contents -- 1. The principle of environmental pollution control -- 2. Water pollution control technology -- 3. Air pollution control technology -- 4. Solid waste pollution control technology -- 5. Physical pollution control technology -- 6. Ecological recovery technology -- 7. Regional environmental systems engineering and technology -- Postscript -- Acknowledgments -- About the authors -- Index

Intro -- Dedication -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I: Pandect -- Chapter 1: Background -- 1.1 Research Background -- 1.2 Survey Program -- 1.2.1 Research Objective -- 1.2.2 Research Design -- 1.2.3 Research Content -- 1.2.4 Research Scope -- 1.2.5 Organizational Structure -- 1.2.5.1 Research Group Members -- 1.2.5.2 Research Hospital Contact Officers -- 1.2.6 Technological Roadmap (Fig.1.3) -- 1.2.7 Conducting the Investigation -- 1.2.7.1 The First Stage (February 2013 to April 2013): Preparation and Preliminary Design -- 1.2.7.2 The Second Stage (April 2013 to May 2013): Pre-investigation -- 1.2.7.3 The Third Stage (June 2013 to July 2013): Survey -- 1.3 Investigation Results -- References -- Chapter 2: Review of Chinese Public Hospital Reform -- 2.1 Overview of Chinese Public Hospital Reform -- 2.2 Practical Measures -- 2.2.1 Separation of Government Functions from Those of Institutions -- 2.2.2 Separation of Management from Operations -- 2.2.3 Separation of Prescriptions from Dispensing of Drugs -- 2.2.4 Separation of the For-profit and Nonprofit Nature of Hospitals -- 2.3 Evaluation -- 2.3.1 Progress -- 2.3.2 Problems -- References -- Chapter 3: Basic Information Survey for Large Public Hospital Reform -- 3.1 Basic Information on Medical Staff -- 3.1.1 General Information -- 3.1.1.1 Gender -- 3.1.1.2 Age -- 3.1.1.3 Position -- 3.1.1.4 Title -- 3.1.1.5 Education Level -- 3.1.1.6 Department -- 3.1.2 Economic Situation -- 3.1.2.1 Monthly Income -- 3.1.2.2 Expected Monthly Income -- 3.1.2.3 Monthly Household Expenditure Per Capita -- 3.2 Basic Information on Patients -- 3.2.1 General Information -- 3.2.1.1 Gender -- 3.2.1.2 Age -- 3.2.1.3 Marriage -- 3.2.1.4 Occupation -- 3.2.1.5 Education Level -- 3.2.2 Economic Situation -- 3.2.2.1 Monthly Income -- 3.2.2.2 Yearly Medical Expenditures -- 3.3 Summary -- 3.3.1 Basic Information of Medical Staff.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to establish a multi-agent system model to provide accurate suggestions for the policy proposal of controlling the unreasonable growth of medical expenses charged by public hospitals in China. METHODS: A multi-agent system model was employed in this study. Agents of this model were divided into patients, doctors, medical institutions, the government, and medical insurance agencies. The model was composed of two subsystems: the disease and medical-seeking subsystem, and the medical expenses subsystem. Policy intervention experiments were conducted on patients' medical-seeking preferences, doctors' public welfare behaviors, and the government's financial investment. RESULTS: At present, medical expenses in China are unreasonable and keep increasing, and the proportion of medicine and physical examination expenses to total medical expenses for public hospitals is unreasonable. Intervention experiments suggested that expanding the promotion and application of the community first-visit system could rationalize patients' medical-seeking preferences, increasing doctors' incomes and reducing workload could significantly restrict doctors' over-prescription behaviors. Also, improving the government's financial investment could guide public hospitals to strengthen their commitment to public welfare responsibilities. These interventions could decrease the unreasonable growth of medical expenses of public hospitals. The combined intervention effects on suppliers, demanders, and the government were better than the effect of these agents independently. CONCLUSIONS: The main reasons for the unreasonable increase in patient medical expenses at public hospitals could be attributed to patients' unreasonable medical-seeking preferences, doctors' weak public welfare incentives, and the government's inadequate financial investment. Policy-makers should consider proposals to restrict and guide the behaviors of suppliers, demanders, and the government, simultaneously. The government should consider the ...

Haiping Chen, Meina Li,* Zhixin Dai,* Qiangyu Deng, Lulu Zhang Department of Military Health Management, College of Health Service, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this work Objective: Dual practice is defined as a physician's performance of medical activities in different health care institutions (two or more) simultaneously. This study aimed to examine the perception and acceptance of medical staff and outpatients of dual practice and explore the possible factors affecting people's perception.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 13 public hospitals in Shanghai. Participants included medical staff and outpatients. We distributed 1,000 questionnaires to each participant group, and the response rates were 66.7% and 69.4%, respectively. Statistical differences in variables were tested, and multinomial logistic regression methods were employed for statistical analysis.Results: The study included two parts: medical staff survey and outpatient survey. The results of medical staff survey showed that 63.0% of the respondents supported dual practice. Medical staff who belonged to the surgical department or held positive belief of dual practice were more willing to participate in dual practice. Moreover, the publicity activities of dual practice and hospitals' human resource management system were important factors affecting the willingness of the medical staff. The results of outpatient survey showed that 44.5% of respondents believed that dual practice could reduce difficulty in consulting a doctor. Regarding the perceived benefits of dual practice, the proportion of outpatients who believed that dual practice could meet the demand for health convenience, minor illness, and chronic disease were 45.4%, 42.4%, and 53.7%, respectively. Additionally, demographic characteristics significantly influenced the perception of outpatients.Conclusion: This study confirmed that both medical staff and outpatients generally held positive attitudes toward dual practice. Medical staff who belonged to the surgical department or held positive belief of dual practice were more willing to participate in dual practice. Moreover, the existence of publicity activities and more flexible management system of hospitals' human resource would promote physicians' willingness to participate in dual practice. In addition, perception of outpatients of dual practice was affected by demographic characteristics. Keywords: dual practice, perception of medical staff, outpatients' perception, influential factors, labor supply