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The paper investigates the importance of six sources of technology as used by MNE subsidiaries operating in China. These are determined by the strategic roles of the subsidiaries. This facilitates analysis of the role of technology both in the competitive development of the subsidiaries and Chinese industrialization. Though these subsidiaries build their bridgeheads in China (mainly to supply the Chinese market) around established, standardized parent‐group technology, there is a tendency to broaden technological scope (mostly locally accessed or generated), especially to generate the capability to develop new goods that target the Chinese market.

Multinationals, China and the Global Economy analyses the results of an in-depth survey of subsidiaries in China of leading manufacturing multinational enterprises (MNEs). It investigates the strategic roles played by these subsidiaries and the sources of technologies they access or generate in doing this. It provides an original contribution to the understanding of important issues in international business, the economic development of China and economics. In international business this study extends our knowledge of MNEs' global strategies through detailed analysis of the precise roles they expect their subsidiaries in China to play. A central theme of this is how these roles relate to the development of the Chinese economy and help its positioning in the global economy. Using the results of their survey, the authors analyse how MNEs are operating within the reorientation of Chinese development from low-cost exporting to an innovation-oriented and knowledge-driven economy. A very distinctive response to the growing Chinese market, and its changing patterns of consumer demand, emerges as a crucial factor at the core of this.

Liver cancer is a common cancer and a leading cause of cancer deaths in China. To aid the government in establishing a control plan for this disease, we provided real-time surveillance information by analyzing liver cancer incidence and mortality in China in 2009 reported by the National Central Cancer Registry. Liver cancer incidence and cases of death were retrieved from the national database using the ICD-10 topography code "C22". Crude incidence and mortality were calculated and stratified by sex, age, and location (urban/rural). China's population in 1982 and Segi (world) population structures were used for age-standardized rates. In cancer registration areas in 2009, the crude incidence of liver cancer was 28.71/100,000, making it the fourth most common cancer in China, third most common in males, and fifth most common in females. The crude mortality of liver cancer was 26.04/100,000, making it the second leading cause of cancer death in China and urban areas and the third leading cause in rural areas. Incidence and mortality were higher in males than in females and were higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The age-specific incidence and mortality were relatively low among age groups under 30 years but dramatically increased and peaked in the 80–84 years old group. These findings confirm that liver cancer is a common and fatal cancer in China. Primary and secondary prevention such as health education, hepatitis B virus vaccination, and early detection should be carried out both in males and females, in urban and rural areas.

AbstractIn many real‐world applications, designs can only be evaluated pairwise, relative to each other. Nevertheless, in the simulation literature, almost all the ranking and selection procedures are developed based on the individual performances of each design. This research considers the statistical ranking and selection problem when the design performance can only be simulated pairwise. We formulate this new problem using the optimal computing budget allocation approach and derive the asymptotic optimality condition based on some approximations. The numerical study indicates that our approach can reduce the number of simulations required to confidently identify the best design.