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AbstractAs the Chinese minister to the United States between 1889 and 1893, Cui Guoyin faced unprecedented pressures from the Qing government to achieve an alleviation of Chinese exclusion. However, American discrimination against Chinese escalated despite his tireless effort to stem it. The failure made him frustrated and especially sensitive to the issue of face. While finding it a useful tool to exonerate himself, Cui believed that face could also be helpful to Chinese bargaining with the United States over immigration. He incorporated this belief into his exchanges with the U.S. Department of State. At Cui's suggestion or at least agreeing with him, the Zongli Yamen referred to America's reputation as a pressure for concessions in its communications with the U.S. legation in Beijing as well. Such "weaponization" of face represents both an often ignored backward turn in late Qing's diplomatic mentality and the limit of its diplomatic leverage with the United States.

PurposeThe effectiveness of interorganizational governance is one of the most significant concerns of firms involved in supply chain management. Previous studies have extensively examined various interorganizational governance strategies. However, the dynamic and implementation details of interorganizational governance receive little attention, which leads to the defects of interorganizational governance literature. This study tries to explore this issue.Design/methodology/approachBased on the process and cybernetic view, this study conceptualized four interorganizational governance processes and their respective critical activities to capture the dynamic and implementation details of interorganizational governance. Furthermore, this study investigated the mapping of governance strategies into different critical activities, which unveil the various manifestations of governance strategies across these critical activities.FindingsFour interorganizational governance processes and their respective critical activities would overarch the dynamic and implementation details of governance strategies. Furthermore, various governance strategies also would have different manifestations across the critical activities of the four processes.Originality/valueThis paper fills the gaps in interorganizational governance literature in which the dynamic details of governance strategies are unclear. The new conceptualization provides a new paradigm for researchers to zoom in on the subtle dynamics of interorganizational governance. The new conceptualization indicates a few promising future research directions.

Taking a critical intercultural approach, this paper explores the discrepancies between the critical communication pedagogy (CCP) ideals and pedagogical struggles of international graduate teaching assistants (IGTAs) rendered by their linguistic difference due to border crossing. I theorized IGTAs' linguistic Otherness as racialization of their accent. I further suggested undoing the negative becoming with positive becoming by intervening in the dualistic ways of knowing and hearing in order to shatter the mentality that dehumanizes and dominates the Other.

We investigate treatment effects of active labour market programmes for Norwegian adults for the 1990 to 2000 period. Three types of active labour market programmes are evaluated within a competing risks hazard rate model. Non-parametric specifications on both duration dependence and unobserved heterogeneities are used. By utilising rich administrative data, we find that active labour market programmes do have intended effects on enhancing the transition probability to employment after the completion of programmes participation, but during the participation, the transition probability is low relative to that for non-participants. There is some evidence of heterogeneity of treatment effects with respect to observed individual characteristics, and effects for training programmes and wage subsidy programmes are pro-cyclical and more favourable at boom time. The positive treatment effects of labour market programmes are long lasting, at the same time diminish gradually over time when individuals remain in unemployment after completion of programmes. The net impact of active labour market programmes in terms of reduced total amount of unemployment exposure is estimated to be about 6.42%.