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Abstract
Background Intracranial hypertension is a life-threatening condition that can be treated by decompressive craniectomy (DC), which involves removing a part of the skull and intracranial lesions. However, DC has many complications and requires a second surgery to repair the skull. Decompressive bone flap replacement (DBFR) or decompressive cranioplasty is a novel technique that replaces the bone flap with a titanium mesh, providing both decompression and skull integrity.
Methods The materials and methods of DBFR are described in detail. A three-dimensional titanium mesh is fabricated based on the computed tomography (CT) data of previous DC patients. An appropriate titanium mesh is selected based on the preoperative and intraoperative assessments. After removing the intracranial lesions, the titanium mesh is fixed over the bone window.
Results We successfully performed DBFR in three emergent cases. The postoperative CT scan showed adequate decompression in all cases. No reoperation for skull repair was needed, and there were no surgical complications. The cosmetic outcome was excellent. There were no relevant complications in the operative area.
Conclusions DBFR may be a safe and effective alternative to DC in a specific subgroup of patients, in whom complete removal of the bone flap is feasible. DBFR can reduce intracranial pressure while maintaining the integrity of the skull cavity, eliminating the need for additional surgery for skull repair. Possible improvements for DBFR in the future are suggested, such as using a greater curvature of the titanium mesh or a modified DBFR with a hinged titanium mesh.

Taking Hubei province, the largest carp producer in China, as a case study, surveys of trends in aquatic food consumption preferences were matched against farm production surveys and compared to official production data and statistics to gauge the current and future status of Chinese inland aquaculture. Surveys showed that consumer tastes were changing to a much broader aquatic food menu as their spending power increased. Traditional aquaculture species were becoming less profitable due to reduced profit margins as input costs increased and consumption preferences changed. Consequently, many producers were diversifying their production to meet local demand. Some farmers were also de-intensifying by reducing commercial aquafeed inputs and reverting to more traditional methods of dyke-crop culture to optimise trade-offs between input costs and labour, and manage their risk more effectively. In addition, analysis of local data showed wholesale changes were occurring to aquaculture production as environmental protection legislation took effect which reduced the growing area for carps considerably.

Trends in aquatic food consumption were matched against farm production surveys within Hubei province and compared to official production data and statistics. Surveys showed that consumer tastes were changing to a much broader aquatic food menu as their spending power increased. Traditional aquaculture species were becoming less profitable due to reduced profit margins as input costs increased and consumption preferences changed. Consequently, many producers were diversifying their production to meet local demand. Some farmers were also de-intensifying by reducing commercial aquafeed inputs and reverting to more traditional methods of dyke-crop culture to optimise trade-offs between input costs and labour, and manage their risk more effectively. In addition, analysis of local data showed that wholesale changes were occurring to aquaculture production as environmental protection legislation took effect which reduced the growing area for carps considerably. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01503-3.

The numbers of alerts from the EU's Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) related to crustacean products were compared to numbers of mainstream media stories related to health concerns. An internet search of "farmed shrimp" was also conducted and the content of the websites assessed for subject matter and balance. The study found that the absolute number of RASFF alerts has fallen considerably since legislation controlling testing of food being traded into and within the EU was introduced in 2002 and tracked increasing stringency of EU procedures. There were 1512 alerts from 1980 to 2015 with 44.0% and 21.2% of alerts attributed to farmed and wild shrimp respectively. There were large numbers of alerts reporting antibiotic residues in wild shrimp, which raised questions about the source of the contamination, and natural occurrence of the antimicrobial residues was considered. The number of mainstream media stories closely followed the number of alerts, but 91.2% of media articles concerning the health aspects were concerned with consumption of farmed shrimp. The internet search revealed a much more negative view of farmed shrimp compared to the mainstream media. It is suggested that the internet generally follows an historic negative narrative on farmed seafood, often with little validation which narrows the discourse on seafood production rather than empowering consumers. According to the risk assessment of RASFF data, it was concluded that farmed shrimp does not possess any more risk than wild seafood choices but producers have not been able to communicate the benefits of farmed produce to the consumer.