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India and China have attracted research interest due to their potential to catch up to developed nations. The framework of the National Innovation System (NIS) is a popular theory to explain the role of the state in supporting knowledge creation and learning capacity for the catching-up stage. Various comparative studies on sectoral innovation or geography of innovation in India and China have been conducted, mainly by economists. This chapter tries to bring the non-quantified factor-constitutional governance into the discussion from three aspects of the political philosophy for achieving social revolution and social justice, power distribution from three dimensions of vertical, horizontal, and state versus citizen, which have not been favored by economists, due to their lack of rigorousness. At the end, the chapter applies the factors to the analysis of their influence on the economic development path and on the innovation strategy in India and China.

AbstractWhile globalization creates an ambitious space for NGOs to play a large role in policy-making and problem-solving the concern about their accountability always remains there. As the biggest developing countries, India and China have attracted lots of international aid and INGOs' attention. Recently, both have taken serious efforts to regulate or even to control INGOs' influence in domestic context despite the difference of their political systems. It is worthy of comparative analysis in a nuanced way on their similarities and differences of why and how to regulate. As a reflection, it is also a good moment for relevant stakeholders to re-imagine the global governance and their relevant role.

Recent data and policy analysis show that a positive policy and political culture towards non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have been developed in China which will lay the foundation for the internationalisation of Chinese NGOs. The changes in global governance, both in terms of a power shift from Western countries to emerging powers and in terms of the Chinese government's more assertive role in global governance, require that Chinese NGOs play a more active role in global affairs. In responding to the changes, the Chinese government has developed a new strategy on public diplomacy that is expected to create some political and policy support for Chinese NGOs, especially for grass-roots NGOs' (G-R NGOs) internationalisation. However, at this initial stage, the Chinese government and G-R NGOs might not share the same understanding of the purpose and method of achieving a global role for Chinese NGOs. Meanwhile, the United Nations (UN) has made many notable efforts to pave the way for engaging with NGOs. The article argues that the UN platform would be a good starting place for Chinese G-R NGOs' experimentation with global participation. However, their strategy will determine how far they can go.

AbstractBased on longitudinal data from four waves (2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we examined savings and savings changes among older couples in China using hierarchical linear models, explored any cohort differences, and analyzed the effects of the accessibility of the employee pension and the number of children on parents' savings. The results indicate that the savings of older couples continued to increase in old age, but the growth slowed down with age. For the cohort born before 1940, savings declined in later years. The cohorts born after 1940 had higher savings, but their savings grew less in later years. Older adults with access to the employee pension saved more and faster. Older adults with more than two children had lower savings, while those from younger cohorts were less impacted.

AbstractThis paper reports on a study using the available oil monitoring information, such as the data obtained using the Spectrometric Oil Analysis Programme (SOAP), to predict the residual life of a set of aircraft engines. The relationship between oil monitoring information and the residual life is established using the concept of the proportional residual, which states that the predicted residual life may be proportional to the wear increment measured by the oil analysis programmes. Assuming such a relationship between wear and the residual life exists, we formulated a recursive prediction model for the item's residual life given measured oil monitoring information to date. A set of censored life data of 30 aircraft engines (right censored due to preventive overhaul) along with the history of their monitored metal concentration information are available to us. The metal concentration information includes many variables, such as Fe, Cu, Al, etc.; not all of them are useful, and some of them may be correlated. The principal component analysis (PCA) has been adopted to reduce the dimension of the original data set and to produce a new set of uncorrelated variables, which we shall use in the prediction model. The procedure associated with estimating model parameters is discussed. The model is fitted to the actual SOAP data from the aircraft engines, and the goodness‐of‐fit test has been carried out. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.

AbstractThis study aims to analyze the changes in activities of daily living (ADL) of the Chinese elderly before death, and to explore the heterogeneity in this process. Using data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), we quantify disability trajectories of ADL using a group-based trajectory model and find that there are three types of disability trajectory for ADL. The elderly who differ by socioeconomic status, childhood experiences, health behaviors, ages and birth cohorts show significant differences in their disability trajectories. Long duration of disability is found to be more prevalent in older females and people with high socioeconomic status. Good and stable status of ADL is more common among males and people of low socioeconomic status, while the elderly in an early cohort who died at older ages were more likely to have experienced a long duration of disability. Selective and protective effects contribute to the observed differences in trajectories.

Although recent researchers of school bullying have focused on peer bystander behavior, they have assessed the link between family-level correlates and bystander behavior to a lesser degree. We examined whether and how family functioning and moral disengagement affect four types of
bystander behavior in school bullying. Data were collected from 1,035 early adolescents at two junior high schools in China, who completed scales measuring family functioning, moral disengagement, and bystander behavior. Results show that healthier family functioning was associated with a
higher level of bystander defending behavior and a lower level of bystander assisting, reinforcing, and outsider behavior. These associations were partly mediated by adolescents' moral disengagement. Our findings have important implications for the understanding and reduction of school bullying.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- Demographic Changes in China and India -- Overview of the Chapters -- References -- Part I COVID-19 and the Welfare State -- 2 Response to COVID-19: China's Major Social Security Measures and Policy Considerations -- Introduction -- A Brief Review of the Social Security Fee Reduction Policies Since 2008 -- Analysis on Major Social Security Emergency Measures Adopted During the Pandemic -- Employment Protection -- Social Assistance -- Summary and Prospect -- References -- 3 Labour Markets of India During a Pandemic: Observations from an Ethnographic Survey: In Cities of Lucknow and Pune Narratives of Daily Wage Workers Across Mazdoor Mandis -- Introduction -- A Brief Glance at the Informal Economy -- Impact of a Curfew-Style National Lockdown on India's Informal Economy -- Analytical Findings -- Profile of the Respondents -- Nature of Work -- Number of Workdays -- Wages/Labour Charges Per Day -- Households Income and Expenditure -- Expenditure Composition -- Borrowings -- Conclusion -- References -- Part II Human Capital Developments in China and India -- 4 Divergence and Convergence of Policy Approaches in Universalizing Elementary Education in India and China -- Introduction -- Policy Approaches for Universalizing Free Education in India and China -- Universal Nine Years of Compulsory Education in China: The Evolving Process of Policy and Strategies -- From 1949 to 1978: Ideological Commitment Through the Egalitarian Model -- 1978-2000: Achieve NYCE in Decentralized Way with Some Attention to Least Developed Areas -- From 2000 Till Now: Focus on Removing Rural/Urban Disparities and Move the Quality to Next Level -- Universal Elementary Education in India After Independence: The Evolving Process of Policy and Strategies.

This book conducts a comparative analysis of social and economic changes in the welfare state transformations in China and India, at national and sub-national levels. Discussions are made based on impacts from the social and economic changes in the last century and the fourth industrial revolution on welfare state transformations in China and India, the world's two largest countries in terms of population and density. First-hand empirical work is conducted by a group of scholars from India and China, which draws on inter-disciplinary and cross-cultural academic traditions to deepen social, cultural and legal understanding between the two countries. This book would appeal to undergraduate and graduate students in comparative sociology, political science, law and comparative welfare studies as well as researchers in these fields, as well as researchers in policy think-tanks and research institutes and officials in government and non-governmental organizations. Keerty Nakray is a Professor at Jindal Global Law School, O. P. Jindal Global University, NCR Delhi, India. Dr. Nakray has published in leading journals on gender budgets, child-sensitive budgets and comparative social policy. Dr. Nakray holds a Ph.D. in Sociology and Social Policy from Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland. Zhang Yi is a Research Fellow and Director at the National Institute of Social Development of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China. In recent years his research has focused on the fields of class structure, population studies and family sociology. John Clammer is a Professor at Jindal School of Liberal Arts and Humanities, O. P. Jindal Global University, India. He is a graduate of Oxford University, where he completed his D.Phil. in Social Anthropology. He has published widely across a range of areas including development sociology, religion, art and society, urban sociology, social and cultural theory, and economic anthropology. Wenjuan Zhang is an Associate Professor and Assistant Dean for International Collaborations at Jindal Global Law School, O. P. Jindal Global University in India. She also heads the Center for India-China Studies at O. P. Jindal Global University. .