Suchergebnisse

Flood hazard management is a broad activity. This thesis is concerned with four aspects of Winnipeg flood hazard management: flood hazard analysis, mitigation measures, disaster preparedness, and disaster response organization. In the flood hazard analysis, the causes of flooding and historical floods have been investigated. Based on the historical flood data, flood frequency analysis was conducted in order to determine the recurrence of flooding. Flood hazard adjustments in Winnipeg consist of structural works and non-structural measures. The four flood control works and the flood protection systems in Winnipeg have been extensively used since their installation, and they have protected the city from major flood damages In 1974, 1979 and 1996 when the flood threat was greatest. There is a need to elevate primary dykes after many years of operation, and to convert some temporary dykes into permanent structures. It has been ascertained that the true discharge for a 160-year flood is higher than that originally computed using the Redwood Bridge flood data. A range of non-structural measures has been examined in this thesis. Of them, the FDRP and flood forecasting were successfully implemented. Government legislation has been important through exercising control over urban development. In view of an increasing flood damage potential, an insurance program involving public funds and the private insurance industry could be introduced in order to provide financial assistance to property owners. Regarding disaster preparedness in Winnipeg, planning, training, education, exercise, warning, and the JEPP program have been reviewed. Flood disaster preparedness training and education of the general public is very low, and more information materials need to be developed and distributed. Electronic media and other educational methods should be employed, especially in the spring time, to educate the public. In terms of Winnipeg's flood disaster management system, appropriate government departments and relevant legislation have ...

The occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species in slaughter, sewage and river waters of the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Area (QTPA), China, was investigated. A total of 456 samples were collected from different locations in the QTPA to study the contamination rates of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia via PCR and subsequent sequence analysis. Ten samples were Cryptosporidium positive, and 97 were Giardia positive, as confirmed by PCR amplification of the SSU rRNA gene. The percentages of positive Cryptosporidium and Giardia detection were 2.2% (10/456) and 21.3% (97/456), respectively. Cryptosporidium was detected in only sewage and river waters. Six species of Cryptosporidium were identified: Cryptosporidium hominis (n=5), C. andersoni (n=1), C. environmental (n=1), C. struthionis (n=1), C. canis (n=1), and C. parvum (n=1). G. duodenalis assemblage A was identified in almost all positive samples (n=96), and one sample harboured G. duodenalis assemblage E. The results suggest that Cryptosporidium and Giardia species circulate through the aqueous environment and different hosts. Therefore, we strongly recommend that the local government and health authorities in China undertake control measures to reduce the contamination of water sources by these protozoa to protect the health of humans and animals.