Suchergebnisse

Under the frame of WTO, enterprise is the main body of market competition. In the same time, it is also the direct victim who suffers from technical barriers of foreign countries. Whenever encounter this obstacle, the decision on whether or not to take measures to leap over it is made by the enterprise. Though in this course, Government plays a crucial role in building the exterior encourage environment, it is eventually the enterprise who makes the final "jump-up". In this paper, we discuss the action model of the enterprise to deal with foreign technical barriers finding the realistic ways for them to settle the barriers. Key Words: Technical Barriers; Leaping-over; Path Choice; Time Choice

In recent years, the "coal to electricity" project (CTEP) using clean energy instead of coal for heating has been implemented by Beijing government to cope with air pollution. However, VOC pollution after CTEP was rarely studied in suburbs of Beijing. To fill this exigency, 116 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were observed during nonheating (P1) and heating (P2) periods in suburban Beijing. The results showed that the total of VOCs (TVOCs) was positively correlated with PM2.5, PM10, NO2, CO, and SO2 but negatively correlated with O3 and wind speed. The average TVOCs concentration was 19.43 ± 12.41 ppbv in P1 and 16.25 ± 8.01 ppbv in P2. Aromatics and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) were the main contributors to ozone formation potential (OFP). Seven sources of VOCs identified by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model were industrial source, coal combustion, fuel evaporation, gasoline vehicle exhaust, diesel vehicle exhaust, background and biogenic sources, and solvent usage. The contribution of coal combustion to VOCs increased significantly during P2, whereas industrial sources, fuel evaporation, and solvent usage exhibited opposite trends. The potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) were used to analyze the source distributions. The results showed that VOC pollution was caused mainly by air mass from southern Hebei during P1 but by local emissions during P2. Therefore, although the contribution of coal combustion after heating increased, TVOCs concentration during P2 was lower than that during P1. Chronic noncarcinogenic risks of all selected VOC species were below the safe level, while the carcinogenic risks of most selected VOC species were above the acceptable risk level, especially for tetrachloromethane and 1,2-dichloroethane. The cancer risks posed by gasoline vehicle emissions, industrial enterprises, and coal combustion should be paid more attention.

We explored the differential impact mechanism and boundary conditions of emotional labor and its subdimensions on the turnover intention of kindergarten teachers. Our research was based on the job demands–resources model and the concept of symbolic interactionism. The results
of a survey conducted with 3,679 in-service kindergarten teachers showed that use of emotional labor strategies had a significant positive predictive effect on the turnover intention of kindergarten teachers. Further, professional identity played a partial mediating role in the link between
teachers' emotional labor (surface acting) and their turnover intention. Finally, we found that as the length of teaching service increased, surface acting had a greater influence on teachers' professional identity. Thus, kindergarten teachers' turnover intention can be effectively reduced
through surface acting.

The Mental Health Changes Indicators Scale (MHCIS) is a brief instrument designed to assess changes in an individual's mental health that occur in response to a specific life event. Although adequate psychometric properties have been demonstrated for this instrument based on classical
test theory, the MHCIS has not yet been validated against Rasch measurement theory (RMT). We applied RMT to examine the psychometric properties of the MHCIS using data from 807 Chinese university students. The nominated life event in this study was the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite modest violations
of unidimensionality and misfit to the Rasch model, in general, the results supported the validity of the 10-item MHCIS. We recommend further exploration of the generalizability of these results in other populations and across a range of potentially adverse life events.