The author examines the foreign policy of the PRC since its establishment in 1949 paying special attention to its foreign-policy behaviour patterns, sources of these patterns and policy choices. He notes that the most severe challenge to Beijings's international status for the past two decades came from Tiananmen incident in 1989. It caused significant damages in China's relations with western countries, particularly with the USA. (DÜI-Sen)
The non-agricultural employment transfer of the rural labor force has fundamentally changed the labor input in China in recent decades. A good understanding of how the off-farm employment of rural laborers affects agricultural land use in China is needed. We use the Driscoll and Kraay standard errors fixed effects model to investigate the relationship between rural laborers' off-farm employment and agricultural land use efficiency based on a panel data of 1,961 counties in China. We find that the distribution of county-level agricultural land use efficiency is heavily skewed to the right, with many counties below the national average efficiency level. We also identify a robust U-shaped relationship between off-farm employment and the change in agricultural land use efficiency, indicating that the substitution effect of capital and technology for rural labor has changed from weak to strong. The findings have important policy implications for the joint reform of the household registration (hukou) system and the rural land use system (i.e., the Three Rights Separation Reform) in China. Using the criteria derived from empirical analysis, we also perform content analysis to assess 20 rural land use policies implemented between 2014 and 2020. We find that these documents covered the three important areas to improve rural land use efficiency, that is, rural-urban mobility, rural land rights market development, and rural land rights protection. Although a synergy among the three areas has not yet been achieved, the central government has already put in place policies to enable and support coordinated actions in the three areas. The lessons learned from China also serve as a helpful reference for addressing the challenge of rural labor loss in other developing countries. ; ESRC
AbstractDissolved organic matter (DOM) in recovered groundwater from soil‐aquifer treatment (SAT) has the potential to generate harmful disinfection by‐products. This study investigated the reduction of mass and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) of DOM fractions from secondary effluent during laboratory‐scale SAT. Using XAD‐8 and XAD‐4 resins, DOM was fractionated into three fractions: hydrophobic acid (HPO‐A), transphilic acid (TPI‐A) and hydrophilic fraction (HPI). HPO‐A was removed by 61.1%, TPI‐A by 54.9% and HPI by 75.0% as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during the laboratory‐scale SAT, respectively. The reduction of THMFP from HPO‐A, TPI‐A and HPI was 27.24, 26.24 and 36.08%, respectively. Specific THMFP for each DOM fraction increased across the soil columns. HPO‐A was found to be the major precursor of THMs. THMFP was strongly correlated to ultraviolet light at 254 nm (UV‐254) for HPO‐A and HPI, while the relationship between THMFP and UV‐254 for TPI‐A was significantly poor.
In: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety: EES ; official journal of the International Society of Ecotoxicology and Environmental safety, Band 34, Heft 1, S. 35-42
202202 bcvc ; Version of Record ; RGC ; Others ; This work was supported by Grants by National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 41901283 , 61976234 , 42071394 ), Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation ( 2021A1515012567 , 2018B030312004 ), and Major Projects of High Resolution Earth Observation (Grant No. 30-H30C01-9004-19/21 ). The authors thank the Hong Kong Planning Department, Hong Kong Lands Department, the Hong Kong Civil Engineering and Development Department, the Hong Kong Observatory and the Hong Kong Government Flying Service for the planning, building GIS, weather and climate, and airborne Lidar data. Massimo Menenti acknowledges the support of grant P10-TIC-6114 by the Junta de Andalucía and the MOST High Level Foreign Expert program (Grant nr. GL20200161002 ). Man Sing Wong thanks the funding support from a grant by the General Research Fund (Grant no. 15602619 ) from the Hong Kong Research Grants Council . Dr. Qunshan Zhao has received UK ESRC's on-going support for the Urban Big Data Centre (UBDC) [ ES/L011921/1 and ES/S007105/1 ]. We would also want to thank the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions on an earlier version of this manuscript. ; Published
The Real-Time Working Group (RTWG) of the International GNSS Service (IGS) is dedicated to providing high-quality data and high-accuracy products for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning, navigation, timing and Earth observations. As one part of real-time products, the IGS combined Real-Time Global Ionosphere Map (RT-GIM) has been generated by the real-time weighting of the RT-GIMs from IGS real-time ionosphere centers including the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) and Wuhan University (WHU). The performance of global vertical total electron content (VTEC) representation in all of the RT-GIMs has been assessed by VTEC from Jason-3 altimeter for 3 months over oceans and dSTEC-GPS technique with 2¿d observations over continental regions. According to the Jason-3 VTEC and dSTEC-GPS assessment, the real-time weighting technique is sensitive to the accuracy of RT-GIMs. Compared with the performance of post-processed rapid global ionosphere maps (GIMs) and IGS combined final GIM (igsg) during the testing period, the accuracy of UPC RT-GIM (after the improvement of the interpolation technique) and IGS combined RT-GIM (IRTG) is equivalent to the rapid GIMs and reaches around 2.7 and 3.0 TECU (TEC unit, 1016¿el¿m-2) over oceans and continental regions, respectively. The accuracy of CAS RT-GIM and CNES RT-GIM is slightly worse than the rapid GIMs, while WHU RT-GIM requires a further upgrade to obtain similar performance. In addition, a strong response to the recent geomagnetic storms has been found in the global electron content (GEC) of IGS RT-GIMs (especially UPC RT-GIM and IGS combined RT-GIM). The IGS RT-GIMs turn out to be reliable sources of real-time global VTEC information and have great potential for real-time applications including range error correction for transionospheric radio signals, the monitoring of space weather, and detection of natural hazards on a global scale. All the IGS combined RT-GIMs generated and analyzed during the testing period are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5042622 (Liu et al., 2021b). ; his research has been supported by the China Scholarship Council (CSC). The contribution from UPC- IonSAT authors was partially supported by the European Union- funded project PITHIA-NRF (grant no. 101007599) and by the ESSP/ICAO-funded project TEC4SpaW. The work of An- drzej Krankowski is supported by the National Centre for Research and Development, Poland, through grant ARTEMIS (grant nos. DWM/PL-CHN/97/2019 and WPC1/ARTEMIS/2019) ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (published version)
China, with its growing population and economic development, faces increasing risks to health from climate change, but also opportunities to address these risks and protect health for generations to come. Without a timely and adequate response, climate change will impact lives and livelihoods at an accelerated rate. In 2020, the Lancet Countdown Regional Centre in Asia, led by Tsinghua University, built on the work of the global Lancet Countdown and began its assessment of the health profile of climate change in China with the aim of triggering rapid and health-responsive actions. This 2021 report is the first annual update, presenting 25 indicators within five domains: climate change impacts, exposures, and vulnerability; adaptation, planning, and resilience for health; mitigation actions and health co-benefits; economics and finance; and public and political engagement. The report represents the contributions of 88 experts from 25 leading institutions in, and outside of, China. From 2020 to 2021, five new indicators have been added and methods have been improved for many indicators. Where possible, the indicator results are presented at national and provincial levels to facilitate local understanding and policy making. In a year marked by COVID-19, this report also endeavours to reflect on China's pathway for a green recovery, ensuring it aligns with the carbon neutrality goal, for the health of the current and future generations.
China, with its growing population and economic development, faces increasing risks to health from climate change, but also opportunities to address these risks and protect health for generations to come. Without a timely and adequate response, climate change will impact lives and livelihoods at an accelerated rate. In 2020, the Lancet Countdown Regional Centre in Asia, led by Tsinghua University, built on the work of the global Lancet Countdown and began its assessment of the health profile of climate change in China with the aim of triggering rapid and health-responsive actions. This 2021 report is the first annual update, presenting 25 indicators within five domains: climate change impacts, exposures, and vulnerability; adaptation, planning, and resilience for health; mitigation actions and health co-benefits; economics and finance; and public and political engagement. The report represents the contributions of 88 experts from 25 leading institutions in, and outside of, China. From 2020 to 2021, five new indicators have been added and methods have been improved for many indicators. Where possible, the indicator results are presented at national and provincial levels to facilitate local understanding and policy making. In a year marked by COVID-19, this report also endeavours to reflect on China's pathway for a green recovery, ensuring it aligns with the carbon neutrality goal, for the health of the current and future generations.
Using the data sets taken at center-of-mass energies above 4 GeV by the BESIII detector at the BEPCII storage ring, we search for the reaction e(+)e(-) -> gamma(ISR) X(3872) -> gamma(ISR)pi(+)pi(-) J/psi via the Initial State Radiation technique. The production of a resonance with quantum numbers J(PC) = 1(++) such as the X(3872) via single photon e(+)e(-) annihilation is forbidden, but is allowed by a next-to-leading order box diagram. We do not observe a significant signal of X(3872), and therefore give an upper limit for the electronic width times the branching fraction Gamma B-X(3872)(ee)(X(3872) -> pi(+)pi(-) J/psi) < 0.13 eVat the 90% confidence level. This measurement improves upon existing limits by a factor of 46. Using the same final state, we also measure the electronic width of the psi(3686) to be Gamma(psi)(ee)(3686) ee = 2213 +/- 18(stat) +/- 99(sys) eV. ; Funding: The BESIII collaboration thanks the staff of BEPCII and the IHEP computing center for their strong support. This work is supported in part by the National Key Basic Research Program of China under Contract No. 2015CB856700; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Contract Nos. 11125525, 11235011, 11322544, 11335008, 11425524; the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Large-Scale Scientific Facility Program; Joint Large-Scale Scientific Facility Funds of the NSFC and CAS under Contract Nos. 11179007, U1232201, U1332201; CAS under Contract Nos. KJCX2-YW-N29, KJCX2-YW-N45; 100 Talents Program of CAS; INPAC and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology; German Research Foundation DFG under Contract No. CRC-1044; Seventh Framework Programme of the European Union under Marie Curie International Incoming Fellowship Grant Agreement No. 627240; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy; Ministry of Development of Turkey under Contract No. DPT2006K-120470; Russian Foundation for Basic Research under Contract No. 14-07-91152; U.S. Department of Energy under Contract Nos. DE-FG02-04ER41291, DE-FG02-05ER41374, DE-FG02-94ER40823, DESC0010118; U.S. National Science Foundation; University of Groningen (RuG) and the Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Darmstadt; WCU Program of National Research Foundation of Korea under Contract No. R32-2008-000-10155-0.