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This study aimed to examine the persuasive influences of moral emotions on younger consumers' judgments and decision-making and the roles of culture and self-construal in processing corporate social responsibility (CSR) campaigns. This study employed a between-subjects experiment where American and Chinese participants viewed one of the two CSR advertisement campaigns designed with ego-focused (e.g., an advertisement elicited anger emotion) and other-focused appeals (e.g., an advertisement elicited guilt emotion). By employing an elaboration likelihood persuasion model (ELM), the results indicated that negative moral emotions had significant positive influences on attitudes toward the advertisements and purchase intention through the peripheral route. In addition, results revealed the interaction effects between guilt emotion and cultural values (i.e., country) on attitudes. This study also highlighted the moderating role of self-construal individual values in the relationship between guilt and attitudes toward the campaign. This research provides insights for communication practitioners on designing effective CSR campaigns to reach culturally diverse target audiences.

AbstractSand dune systems in the arid region of north‐western China are maintained by sand‐stabilizing vegetation, which provides critical ecosystem services. Limited knowledge of soil moisture recharge in these systems hinders sand stabilization efforts. To increase the understanding of soil moisture response to rainfall, we analysed soil water transport in the desert vadose zone of sand dunes and dune slacks following four natural rainfall events during the growing season of 2017. Rainfall was dominated by small rain events (<5.0 mm), accounting for 58% of total rainfall events. Soil moisture at 5–25 cm depth in dune slacks was significantly higher and more variable to 60 cm depth than in sand dunes. Soil moisture at 5 cm depth was replenished with rainfall amounts of <5 mm in dune slacks, but not in sand dunes. When rainfall amount reached 20 mm, soil moisture in dune slack and in sand dune increased, but was much higher in dune slack than in sand dune at depth of 5 cm; after the rain, soil moisture remained at a relatively high level in dune slack but not in sand dune. This was possible because dune slacks had higher silt contents and root biomass, which played a key role in improving soil water holding capacity or accelerating rainfall infiltration at 0–25 cm depth. Overall, the rainfall‐driven hydrological regime coupled with soil physical factors regulated spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture in a sand dune system.

PURPOSE: It is challenging to prepare military surgeons with the skills of combat damage control surgery (CDCS). The current study aimed to establish a damage control surgery (DCS) training platform for explosive combined thoraco-abdominal injuries. METHODS: The training platform established in this study consisted of 3 main components: (1) A 50 m × 50 m square yard was constructed as the explosion site. Safety was assessed through cameras. (2) Sixteen pigs were injured by an explosion of trinitrotoluene attached with steel balls and were randomly divided into the DCS group (accepted DCS) and the control group (have not accepted DCS). The mortality rate was observed. (3) The literature was reviewed to identify the key factors for assessing CDCS, and testing standards for CDCS were then established. Expert questionnaires were employed to evaluate the scientificity and feasibility of the testing standards. Then, a 5-day training course with incorporated tests was used to test the efficacy of the established platform. In total, 30 teams attended the first training course. The scores that the trainees received before and after the training were compared. SPSS 11.0 was employed to analyze the results. RESULTS: The high-speed video playback confirmed the safety of the explosion site as no explosion fragments projected beyond the wall. No pig died within 24 h when DCS was performed, while 7 pigs died in the control group. After a literature review, assessment criteria for CDCS were established that had a total score of 100 points and had 4 major parts: leadership and team cooperation, resuscitation, surgical procedure, and final outcome. Expert questionnaire results showed that the scientific score was 8.6 ± 1.25, and the feasibility score was 8.74 ± 1.19. When compared with the basic level, the trainees' score improved significantly after training. CONCLUSION: The platform established in this study was useful for CDCS training.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) tremendously impacts the physical and mental health of humans worldwide. Consequently, studies on COVID-19 remain extensive. However, most of them were mainly focused on the pathological mechanisms and treatment methods from medical perspectives. Various reports have indicated that COVID-19 is closely related to stigma and discrimination, but little statistical information has been integrated quantitatively to describe the situation in China. Thus, this study investigated the COVID-19-related stigma of individuals. We collected the online survey data from 1,920 Chinese participants from October to December 2020. Findings showed that 306 (15.94%), 285 (14.84%), 265 (13.80%), and 100 (5.21%) participants endorsed stigma toward individuals in high-risk areas, recovered patients with COVID-19, families of recovered patients with COVID-19, and frontline healthcare providers, respectively. To understand the possible factors that could impact the COVID-19-related stigma, knowledge about COVID-19 was investigated. Generally, knowledge about COVID-19 was negatively associated with COVID-19-related stigma in general, while no significant relationship existed between the knowledge about COVID-19 and the COVID-19-related stigma in the groups who had held COVID-19-related stigma. Ultimately, individuals showed COVID-19-related stigma toward recovered patients and their families, individuals in high-risk areas, and frontline healthcare providers to some extent. The results of this study can provide reference to nations, governments, and organizations in addressing the stigma issues raised by the COVID-19 pandemic.