Suchergebnisse

This research paper discusses the Institutional Obstacles and Solutions of China Pakistan Economic Corridor in Pakistan and its main part of the One Belt One Road (OBOR) the major Global initiative by the Chinese Government, scheduled to complete by 2030,while the project has been welcomed by Asian Countries. This Research Project elaborates upon the Institutional obstacles and best possible solutions rudiments and overcome the challenges of CPEC and identify the important benefits for both countries that will likely impact the project progress, the data collected from a secondary source, and the data analyzed via Time Series method from 2004-2016. The Pak-China Trade Volumeand Foreign Direct Invest are dependent variables and Political Instability, Trust on Economic Environment, Law & Ordered Situation, Market Stability, Government Policy Index, Resource allocation efficiency, Administrative efficiency, Corruption, Perception Index and Price fluctuation Index are Independent variables. For data analysis, we used SPSS 20 and Amos Software to apply major tests as the Correlation model, Model Summary, ANOVA, and Standardized Coefficient Model and all the results are significant with each variable. This research will help to promote trade volume between Pak-China and overcome the challenges, maintain law and order situation, political stability, and improve price index and focus Administrative efficiency which helps to highlights the opportunities and promote mega project will likely have to the existing socioeconomic infrastructure, Job opportunities, poverty level Index, and regional peace and security.

The COVID-19 pandemic imposes new challenges on the capability of governments in intervening with the information dissemination and reducing the risk of infection outbreak. To reveal the complexity behind government intervention decision, we build a bi-layer network diffusion model for the information-disease dynamics that were intervened in and conduct a full space simulation to illustrate the trade-off faced by governments between information disclosing and blocking. The simulation results show that governments prioritize the accuracy of disclosed information over the disclosing speed when there is a high-level medical recognition of the virus and a high public health awareness, while, for the opposite situation, more strict information blocking is preferred. Furthermore, an unaccountable government tends to delay disclosing, a risk-averse government prefers a total blocking, and a low government credibility will discount the effect of information disclosing and aggravate the situation. These findings suggest that information intervention is indispensable for containing the outbreak of infectious disease, but its effectiveness depends on a complicated way on both external social/epidemic factors and the governments' internal preferences and governance capability, for which more thorough investigations are needed in the future.

Xiao-Jun Wu, Yi Zhi, Peng He, Xiao-Zhou Zhou, Ji Zheng, Zhi-Wen Chen, Zhan-Song Zhou Institute of Urinary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China Background: Platinum-based chemotherapy is the standard treatment for advanced urothelial cancer (UC) and is generally used in the first-line setting. However, the optimal salvage treatment for previously treated UC patients is unclear. We conducted a systematic review of published clinical trials of single agent versus combined chemotherapy as salvage treatment in previously treated UC patients.Methods: Trials published between 1994 and 2015 were identified by an electronic search of public databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane library). All relevant studies were independently identified by two authors for inclusion. Demographic data, treatment regimens, objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), median progression-free and overall survival (PFS, OS), and grade 3/4 toxicities were extracted and analyzed using Comprehensive Meta Analysis software (Version 2.0).Results: Fifty cohorts with 1,685 patients were included for analysis: 814 patients were treated with single agent chemotherapy and 871 with combined chemotherapy. Pooled OS was significantly higher at 1 year for combined chemotherapy than for single agent (relative risk [RR] 1.52; 95% CI: 1.01–2.37; P=0.03) but not for 2-year OS (RR 1.31; 95% CI: 0.92–1.85; P=0.064). Additionally, combined chemotherapy significantly improved ORR (RR 2.25; 95% CI: 1.60–3.18; P<0.001) and DCR (RR 1.12; 95% CI: 1.01–1.25, P=0.033) compared to single agent for advanced UC patients. As for grade 3 and 4 toxicities, more frequencies of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were observed in the combined chemotherapy than in single agent group, while equivalent frequencies of anemia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea were found between the two groups.Conclusion: In comparison with single agent alone, combined chemotherapy as salvage treatment for advanced UC patients significantly improved ORR, DCR, and 1-year OS, but not 2-year OS. Our findings support the need to compare combined chemotherapy with single agent alone in the salvage setting in large prospective trials due to its potential survival benefit in advanced UC patients. Keywords: advanced urothelial cancer, salvage chemotherapy, cytotoxic agents, meta-analysis, efficacy