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With a narrative scheme of manifold plots and characters, cumulating in the eruption of a communal crowd, Li Jieren's trilogy on the Chinese Revolution of 1911 scales history from individual to mass experience with an ethnohistorical perspective. In this spatially and scenically structured ethnohistorical novel series, Li locates what he calls the "historical real" in the intertwining of political upheavals and the "stirrings in people's lives and feelings" of a particular place, where local characters become makers and riders of historical "great waves" through processes of socialization within an inherited but changing communal network. The essay argues that in Li's gazetteer-style account, the geographically rooted multifariousness of human feelings and actions escalates into an ending that belies the claims of a bourgeois national revolution. Its narrative heralded a modern Chinese historical novel with formal and affective possibilities that becomes all the more significant because of its loss in the second half of the twentieth century.

The recent crackdown by the Chinese Communist Party government on the efforts of Chinese dissidents to organize the China New Democratic Party has raised a serious question among scholars: Why has the Chinese leadership been so reluctant to initiate democratic reforms? But another question is equally important: How has the Chinese political system been able to accommodate drastic socioeconomic changes? Although Chinese leaders from Deng Xiaoping to Jiang Zemin have strongly opposed the Western style of democracy, they have continuously adjusted the country's political system to prevent socioeconomic chaos from occurring, chaos that has troubled many former communist states & Third World countries. Here, the People's Republic of China's political incrementalism is explored, along with the explanation of how incremental political reforms have worked. It is argued that, although Chinese leaders have so far been successful in accommodating social changes through incrementalism, they are still uncertain about how to cope with increasing social demands for political reform & democratization. 1 Table. Adapted from the source document.

The file associated with this record is under embargo until 12 months after publication, in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. The full text may be available through the publisher links provided above. ; The needle-like surface morphology evolution in oxygen plasma in combination with a secondary gas (Cl2, CHF3 or CF4) by inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE) on a free-standing polycrystalline diamond was investigated. The addition of CF4 can produce trans-polyacetylene (t-PA), which is similar to the result when the pure O2 etching takes place, and generate compact needle-tip particles. However, the t-PA disappears with the introduction of Cl or H ions. The optimised etching parameters for the needle-like structure formation are as following: Cl2/O2 ratio 20% and RF-power (RFP) 100 W, where more compact and even nano-needles are realised with an average etching rate of 2 μm/min. The Cl2/O2 plasma etching results indicate that the time-dependent etching mechanism of diamond nano-needles results from (1 1 1) crystal plane selective etching and preferential graphitisation at the twin-plane boundary and dislocation area. ; This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (no. 2016YFE0133200) and the European Union's Horizon-2020 Research program (no. 734578). Special thanks to the national high-level university-sponsored graduate program of China Scholarship Council (CSC). ; Peer-reviewed ; Post-print

The file associated with this record is under embargo until 12 months after publication, in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. The full text may be available through the publisher links provided above. ; As we know that more effective synthesis of diamond combined with physical and chemical properties of hydrogen termination in aqueous environment as well as device structure design can greatly facilitate the chemical and electrochemical applications of higher cost-performance diamond. For this purpose, the direct-current (DC) characteristics, surface reaction and reparation of a hydrogen-terminated DC arc jet plasma CVD polycrystalline diamond, which has a high cost-performance, were characterized by I-V experiments based on a FET-like structure device in multiple aqueous solutions. The variation trends of the I-V properties of device based on pH were similar in different aqueous solutions but could be affected by disparate ions (such as K + ions) or organic molecules (such as citric acid radicals or a benzene ring). Especially, owing to the founded replacement of hydrogen termination with hydroxyl (–OH), carboxyl radical (–COOH) or carbon-oxygen bond (–C–O–C–) in mixed solution, i.e., KHP + H 2 SO 4 (and +NaOH) solutions, the resistance of the device was remarkably increased from 13.57 kΩ to 95.78 kΩ. However, the raised resistance of surface reacted diamond (SRD) can be reduced prominently by repairing hydrogen termination through negative potential sweeps (NPS) at a low negative potential (−1 to −3 V) if the SRD was introduced as an electrode in a strong inorganic acid. What's more, the NPS repaired device, which subsequently stored for four weeks, was more sensitive than the original hydrogen plasma-treated diamond in aqueous solution environments. This repaired result was coming out of NPS re-formed C–H bonds with higher intensity. These findings will be the references of failure and reparation of diamond hydrogen termination in aqueous environment. ; This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2016YFE0133200 and 2018YFB0406500) and European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Staff Exchange Scheme (No. 734578) and Nano-X experimental cooperation project (H008-2017). Special thanks to the national high-level university-sponsored graduate program of China Scholarship Council (CSC). ; Peer-reviewed ; Post-print

The file associated with this record is under embargo until 12 months after publication, in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. The full text may be available through the publisher links provided above. ; The ultra-smooth surface and hydrophobic nitrogen-incorporated ultra-nano-crystalline diamond (N-UNCD) was directly synthesized by equilibrating the etching effect of OH radical and growth promotion of CN and CH in the 5% CH4 added H2 plasma environment with additional feeding of constant 0.16% O2 and from 0.3% to 3.3% N2 contents. The initially decreasing and then increasing trend of surface roughness, i.e., from as-grown appearance with pits to smooth and then to worm-like surface, was resulted from the offset and even suppressive effect on OH etched holes by the faster growth rate that under the help of more N2 promoted chemical groups of CH and CN. In addition, chemical composition, i.e., the large amount of sp2 phases (sp2/sp3 ratio up to 1.399) and H termination of N-UNCD surface (proportion was 75.54 ± 3.8%), played an another enhancing function for repelling water (contact angle from 81.3° to 93.8°) although the surface roughness decreased to smoothest of 1.36 nm in Root-Mean-Square (RMS) in the presence of N2 addition from 0.3% to 1%. However, continuing adding N2 to 3.3%, the formed surface (RMS 8.98 nm) with worm-like ultra-nano diamond crystallites together with higher H reconstructed sp2 contents (sp2/sp3 ratio rose to 1.478) further boosted the hydrophobicity, at which the contact angle was finally increased to 110.2°. Therefore, in C-H-O-N gas system, ultra-smooth and uniform N-UNCD surface with excellent hydrophobicity can be obtained by a one-step method without any post-treatment. ; This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFE0133200, 2018YFB0406500) and European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Staff Exchange Scheme (No. 734578) and Nano-X experimental cooperation project (H008-2017). Special thanks to the national high-level university-sponsored graduate program of China Scholarship Council (CSC). ; Peer-reviewed ; Post-print

BackgroundChildhood disruptive behaviors are highly prevalent and associated with adverse long-term social and economic outcomes. Trajectories of welfare receipt in early adulthood and the association of childhood behaviors with high welfare receipt trajectories have not been examined.MethodsBoys (n = 1000) from low socioeconomic backgrounds were assessed by kindergarten teachers for inattention, hyperactivity, aggression, opposition, and prosociality, and prospectively followed up for 30 years. We used group-base trajectory modeling to estimate trajectories of welfare receipt from age 19–36 years using government tax return records, then examined the association between teacher-rated behaviors and trajectory group membership using mixed effects multinomial regression models.ResultsThree trajectories of welfare receipt were identified: low (70.8%), declining (19.9%), and chronic (9.3%). The mean annual personal employment earnings (US$) for the three groups at age 35/36 years was $36 500 (s.d. = $24 000), $15 600 (s.d. = $16 275), and $1700 (s.d. = $4800), respectively. Relative to the low welfare receipt group, a unit increase in inattention (mean = 2.64; s.d. = 2.32, range = 0–8) at age 6 was associated with an increased risk of being in the chronic group (relative risk ratio; RRR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.03–1.31) and in the declining group (RRR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.03–1.23), after adjustment for child IQ and family adversity, and independent of other behaviors. Family adversity was more strongly associated with trajectories of welfare receipt than any behavior.ConclusionsBoys from disadvantaged backgrounds exhibiting high inattention in kindergarten are at elevated risk of chronic welfare receipt during adulthood. Screening and support for inattentive behaviors beginning in kindergarten could have long-term social and economic benefits for individuals and society.

BackgroundChildhood disruptive behaviors are highly prevalent and associated with adverse long-term social and economic outcomes. Trajectories of welfare receipt in early adulthood and the association of childhood behaviors with high welfare receipt trajectories have not been examined.MethodsBoys (n = 1000) from low socioeconomic backgrounds were assessed by kindergarten teachers for inattention, hyperactivity, aggression, opposition, and prosociality, and prospectively followed up for 30 years. We used group-base trajectory modeling to estimate trajectories of welfare receipt from age 19–36 years using government tax return records, then examined the association between teacher-rated behaviors and trajectory group membership using mixed effects multinomial regression models.ResultsThree trajectories of welfare receipt were identified: low (70.8%), declining (19.9%), and chronic (9.3%). The mean annual personal employment earnings (US$) for the three groups at age 35/36 years was $36 500 (s.d. = $24 000), $15 600 (s.d. = $16 275), and $1700 (s.d. = $4800), respectively. Relative to the low welfare receipt group, a unit increase in inattention (mean = 2.64; s.d. = 2.32, range = 0–8) at age 6 was associated with an increased risk of being in the chronic group (relative risk ratio; RRR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.03–1.31) and in the declining group (RRR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.03–1.23), after adjustment for child IQ and family adversity, and independent of other behaviors. Family adversity was more strongly associated with trajectories of welfare receipt than any behavior.ConclusionsBoys from disadvantaged backgrounds exhibiting high inattention in kindergarten are at elevated risk of chronic welfare receipt during adulthood. Screening and support for inattentive behaviors beginning in kindergarten could have long-term social and economic benefits for individuals and society.