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"Human behavior in cyber space is extremely complex. Change is the only constant as technologies and social contexts evolve rapidly. This leads to new behaviors in cybersecurity, Facebook use, smartphone habits, social networking, and many more. Scientific research in this area is becoming an established field and has already generated a broad range of social impacts. Alongside the four key elements (users, technologies, activities, and effects), the text covers cyber law, business, health, governance, education, and many other fields. Written by international scholars from a wide range of disciplines, this handbook brings all these aspects together in a clear, user-friendly format. After introducing the history and development of the field, each chapter synthesizes the most recent advances in key topics, highlights leading scholars and their major achievements, and identifies core future directions. It is the ideal overview of the field for researchers, scholars, and students alike"--

"This book explores new ideas and research findings related to psychological aspects and serves as a vehicle for promoting techniques and methodologies derived from rigorous research and practices that use psychological and cognitive principles to design and develop cyber learning"...

This book provides the first comprehensive introduction to the newly-emerging science of mobile phone behavior. It presents the unexpected complexity of human mobile phone behavior through four basic aspects of mobile phone usage (users, technologies, activities, and effects), and then explores four major domains of such behavior (medicine, business, education, and everyday life). Chapters open with thoughts on mobile phone usage and behavior from interviews with cell phone users, then present a series of scientific studies, synthesized knowledge, and real-life cases, concluding with complex but highly readable analyses of each aspect of mobile phone behavior. Readers should achieve two intellectual goals: gaining a usable knowledge of the complexity of mobile phone behaviour, and developing the skills to analyze the complexity of mobile phone usage - and further technological behaviors

People's activities vary dynamically from moment to moment, and analysis of level of skill complexity in successive activities provides a tool to portray and analyze variation as skills are learned. Systematic examination of these variations is crucial for illuminating the dynamic nature of learning and development – the ways that people construct activities under the influence of multiple factors interacting in complex ways, in context, over time. A study of adults learning to use a computer program illustrates three important patterns in the dynamic variation of adult cognitive microdevelopment: (1) each person's performance levels vary within a range between upper and lower attractors during dynamic construction of a skill. (2) Performance moves through different pathways from a novice pattern to a transitional pattern characterized by scalloping (repeated building up and collapse of complex performance) to an expert pattern. Social scaffolding plays an important role in moving a learner toward the upper attractor. (3) Each person functions at diverse levels depending on demands of the task, domain, background, scaffolding, and capacity and thus shows asynchrony in level, not simple consistency. Tasks and situations attract specific skill levels that are often below people's highest capacities.

This paper explores the effects of environmental regulation (ER) and rural residents' health investment (RRHI) on agricultural eco-efficiency (AEE) to provide a reference for the Chinese Government and other developing countries for implementing environmental regulation policies and to provide new paths to further improve green development in agriculture. Using the panel data of 31 Chinese provinces from 2009–2018, the Super-SBM model was used to measure AEE. The role of ER on AEE was analyzed based on panel two-way fixed effects with endogeneity treatment and a robustness test, and this mediating effect analysis was conducted to analyze the role of RRHI in ER and AEE, examining the extent of the effect of ER on AEE in three regions of China—eastern, central and western—using a heterogeneity analysis. The results of the study show that: (1) from a national perspective, ER has a significant positive impact on AEE, showing that ER is effective at this stage; (2) when RRHI is used as a mediating variable, the rising ER's intensity can promote AEE by increasing RRHI; and (3) the results of the heterogeneity analysis show that ER has the greatest impact on AEE in the economically developed eastern region; the western region with a weaker level of economic development is in second place. However, ER has a negative impact on AEE in the central region with a medium level of economic development. Thus, the impact of ER on AEE will show great differences depending on the stage of economic development.

The high risk of financing, building, and operating Public–private partnerships (PPPs) often results from the event that participants can barely obtain expected economic returns, thus inhibiting private enterprises' willingness to participate in PPPs. To increase private enterprises' desire to participate, this study constructed an evolutionary game model of private enterprises' participation in PPPs, focusing on the perspective of the mode of incentive. This model revealed the evolutionary law of private enterprises' participation behavior under different modes of incentive. The results indicate that: First, there is a positive correlation between the intensity of government incentive, the investment return rate, and the probability of private enterprises choosing to participate in PPPs. Specifically, the impact of the investment return rate is more sensitive than the other factors. Second, the cost rate of financing and the risk cost of project uncertainty are negatively correlated with the probability of private enterprises choosing to participate in PPPs, and the impact of the project risk cost is more sensitive than the other factors in this case.

Abstract. Background: In Hong Kong, there have been significant changes in suicide rates during the period 1996–2015. Aim: We aimed to assess the impact of change in suicide rates on life expectancy in Hong Kong. Method: A decomposition method was used to quantify the impact of suicide on life expectancy in Hong Kong. Results: During 1996–2003, the increase in total suicide rate made negative contributions to the increase in life expectancy in Hong Kong (−0.15 years), with incidence component and age component accounting for −0.17 years and 0.02 years, respectively. However, during 2003–2015, the decrease in the number of suicide deaths contributed to the life expectancy by 0.16 years, with the incidence component still playing a predominant role. Furthermore, the contribution mechanism of suicide varied across suicide methods and gender. Limitations: Apart from suicide, the change in life expectancy could be affected by various factors, which needs to be considered. Moreover, conclusions of the study were made at the population level rather than the individual level. Conclusion: Suicide has a non-negligible impact on life expectancy in Hong Kong. Understanding the contribution pattern of suicide and sustaining effective strategies for suicide intervention would contribute positively to improvements in Hong Kong life expectancy.

[EN] Climate change poses great risks for China, which makes adaptation an essential response. However, adaptation planning and implementation are still at a preliminary stage with respect to the theoretical framework and methodology. This article focuses on the status, problems and basic needs as regards adaptation to climate change, and outlines the operational framework that the government is seeking to pursue for China's adapting to climate change. The conclusion is that, to satisfy the basic needs of development, it is necessary to clarify development-oriented and incremental adaptation. Furthermore measures to enhance adaptive capacity can be classified as infrastructure-based, technology-based and institutional. Lastly the authors stress the importance of appraising adaptation actions and measures from an economic perspective. ; [ES] El cambio climático plantea grandes riesgos para China, lo que hace que la adaptación al mismo sea una respuesta esencial. No obstante, la planificación y la puesta en práctica de esta adaptación se encuentran aún en una fase preliminar con respecto al marco teórico y a la metodología. El presente artículo se centra en la situación, problemas y necesidades básicas de la adaptación al cambio climático, y presenta un esbozo del marco operativo que pretende seguir el gobierno para la adaptación de China a este cambio. La conclusión es que, para satisfacer las necesidades básicas del desarrollo, es necesario aclarar el concepto de la adaptación orientada al desarrollo e incremental. Además, las medidas para mejorar la capacidad de adaptación se pueden clasificar como medidas basadas en la infraestructura, basadas en la tecnología e institucionales. Por último, los autores destacan la importancia de evaluar las acciones y medidas de adaptación desde una perspectiva económica. ; Jiahua, P.; Yan, Z.; Markandya, A. (2011). Adaptation approaches to climate change in China: an operational framework. 99-112. https://doi.org/10.7201/earn.2011.01.05 ; SWORD ; 99 ; 112

Climate change poses great risks for China, which makes adaptation an essential response. However, adaptation planning and implementation are still at a preliminary stage with respect to the theoretical framework and methodology. This article focuses on the status, problems and basic needs as regards adaptation to climate change, and outlines the operational framework that the government is seeking to pursue for China's adapting to climate change. The conclusion is that, to satisfy the basic needs of development, it is necessary to clarify development-oriented and incremental adaptation. Furthermore measures to enhance adaptive capacity can be classified as infrastructure-based, technology-based and institutional. Lastly the authors stress the importance of appraising adaptation actions and measures from an economic perspective. ; El cambio climático plantea grandes riesgos para China, lo que hace que la adaptación al mismo sea una respuesta esencial. No obstante, la planificación y la puesta en práctica de esta adaptación se encuentran aún en una fase preliminar con respecto al marco teórico y a la metodología. El presente artículo se centra en la situación, problemas y necesidades básicas de la adaptación al cambio climático, y presenta un esbozo del marco operativo que pretende seguir el gobierno para la adaptación de China a este cambio. La conclusión es que, para satisfacer las necesidades básicas del desarrollo, es necesario aclarar el concepto de la adaptación orientada al desarrollo e incremental. Además, las medidas para mejorar la capacidad de adaptación se pueden clasificar como medidas basadas en la infraestructura, basadas en la tecnología e institucionales. Por último, los autores destacan la importancia de evaluar las acciones y medidas de adaptación desde una perspectiva económica.

99 112 ; SWORD ; [EN] Climate change poses great risks for China, which makes adaptation an essential response. However, adaptation planning and implementation are still at a preliminary stage with respect to the theoretical framework and methodology. This article focuses on the status, problems and basic needs as regards adaptation to climate change, and outlines the operational framework that the government is seeking to pursue for China's adapting to climate change. The conclusion is that, to satisfy the basic needs of development, it is necessary to clarify development-oriented and incremental adaptation. Furthermore measures to enhance adaptive capacity can be classified as infrastructure-based, technology-based and institutional. Lastly the authors stress the importance of appraising adaptation actions and measures from an economic perspective. Jiahua, P.; Yan, Z.; Markandya, A. (2011). Adaptation approaches to climate change in China: an operational framework. 99-112. https://doi.org/10.7201/earn.2011.01.05 ; [ES] El cambio climático plantea grandes riesgos para China, lo que hace que la adaptación al mismo sea una respuesta esencial. No obstante, la planificación y la puesta en práctica de esta adaptación se encuentran aún en una fase preliminar con respecto al marco teórico y a la metodología. El presente artículo se centra en la situación, problemas y necesidades básicas de la adaptación al cambio climático, y presenta un esbozo del marco operativo que pretende seguir el gobierno para la adaptación de China a este cambio. La conclusión es que, para satisfacer las necesidades básicas del desarrollo, es necesario aclarar el concepto de la adaptación orientada al desarrollo e incremental. Además, las medidas para mejorar la capacidad de adaptación se pueden clasificar como medidas basadas en la infraestructura, basadas en la tecnología e institucionales. Por último, los autores destacan la importancia de evaluar las acciones y medidas de adaptación desde una perspectiva económica.