Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1: History of Schistosomiasis Japonica in China -- 1.1 Discovery of Schistosomiasis in China -- 1.2 History of the National Schistosomiasis Control Programme in China -- 1.3 Epidemiological Features of Schistosomiasis in Different Endemic Regions in China -- 1.3.1 Lake and Marshland Regions -- 1.3.2 Plain Regions with Waterway Networks -- 1.3.3 Hilly and Mountainous Regions -- 1.4 Burden and Impact of Schistosomiasis -- 1.4.1 Individual Impact -- 1.4.2 Burden of Disease -- References -- 2: Endemicity, Diagnosis and Treatment of Schistosomiasis in China -- 2.1 Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Schistosomiasis -- 2.1.1 Epidemic Features of Acute Schistosomiasis -- 2.1.2 Symptomatology -- 2.1.3 Detection of Acute Schistosomiasis -- 2.1.4 Diagnostic Criteria -- 2.1.5 Treatment -- 2.1.6 Case Study -- 2.2 Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Schistosomiasis -- 2.2.1 Symptomatology -- 2.2.2 Detection of Chronic Schistosomiasis -- 2.2.3 Diagnositic Criteria -- 2.2.4 Treatment -- 2.3 Diagnosis and Treatment of Advanced Schistosomiasis -- 2.3.1 Clinical Subtypes -- 2.3.2 Clinical Features -- 2.3.3 Diagnostic Approach -- 2.3.4 Diagnostic Criteria -- 2.3.5 Treatment -- 2.3.6 Case Study -- References -- 3: Biology and Control of Oncomelania Snail in China -- 3.1 Biology of Oncomelania Snail -- 3.1.1 Taxonomic Category -- 3.1.2 Morphology -- 3.1.3 Ecology -- 3.2 Distribution and Survey of O. hupenesis in China -- 3.2.1 Distribution Characteristics -- 3.2.2 Factors Influencing Snail Distribution -- 3.2.3 Snail Detection -- 3.2.4 Snail Monitoring and Surveillance -- 3.2.5 Detection of Infected Snails -- 3.3 Control of Oncomelania hupensis -- 3.3.1 General Concept for Snail Control -- 3.3.2 Physical Control of Oncomelania -- 3.3.3 Chemical Control of Oncomelania.

This social marketing campaign among the Bai ethnic minority group in Eryuan County, Yunnan, China, documents a community-based intervention to increase household toilet building and use in an effort to reduce cysticercosis. The formative research for the development of the social marketing campaign included the use of door-to-door surveys, a rural participatory assessment tool called the "ten-seed technique," a baseline human neurocysticercosis study, and focus group discussions. Based on the formative research, a toilet-building campaign was implemented in two intervention villages. The results of this social marketing intervention are contrasted with the results of a traditional "outside-expert" approach conducted by a government agency in the two comparison villages. Although marginally fewer toilets were built in the intervention villages, a post-campaign consumer satisfaction survey revealed that satisfaction with and use of the toilets built using the social marketing approach were much greater. This study is the first to report the use of the social marketing of toilets in China and the first to report the use of the social marketing of household toilets as an intervention to reduce cysticercosis.

BACKGROUND: A national control program for echinococcosis has been in effect since 2005 in China. This program has applied a comprehensive strategy, and good control results have been achieved. Human echinococcosis prevalence rate decrease from 1.08% in 2004 to 0.24% in 2012. The objective of this study is focusing on assessment of the programme with two indices, including patient treatment and registered dogs deworming, in endemic areas of echincoccosis control over the period of 10 years (2004–2014) in China. METHODS: We established the database including demography at county and township levels with coverage for ten provinces and autonomous regions of China in this study. We using methods of epidemiological descriptive, instead the expectation-maximization for missing value filling for grouping available patients into those subjected to surgery and those receiving drug treatment after population screening and the dogs population after registered by deworming. We performed Microsoft Excel software and SPSS software on the results as percentages with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). We also statistically analyzed the economics data on patient treatment and dogs deworming after the corresponding discount with annual bank interest rates (USD 1 = CNY 6.5, bank discount average changes of 2.3–3.3%). RESULTS: During 2004–2014, the grant total average rate of surgical patient (after surgical operation) treatment had increased with 32.4% and with 81.3% for medical treatment with albendazole. Meanwhile, it increased by 58.6% for the deworming of registered dog since 2007. The accumulated costs amounted to USD 27.03 million after discount for patients and registered dog treatment, which is 1/4 of the total accumulated financial inputs (USD 110.67 million from the Chinese Government). Since the implementation of the national program, it has increased 57 times with respect to the annual financial inputs (costs) and 368 times with respect to all accumulated financial inputs (costs). CONCLUSIONS: This ...

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) remains a serious public health problem in China. To explore the temporal, spatial, and spatiotemporal characteristics of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the spatial and spatiotemporal clustering distribution and their relationships with the surrounding geographic environmental factors were analyzed. In this study, the average nearest-neighbor distance (ANN), Ripley's K-function and Moran's I statistics were used to evaluate spatial autocorrelation in the VL distribution of the existing case patterns. Getis–Ord Gi* was used to identify the hot-spot and cold-spot areas based on Geographic Information System (GIS), and spatiotemporal retrospective permutation scan statistics was used to detect the spatiotemporal clusters. The results indicated that VL continues to be a serious public health problem in Kashi Prefecture, China, particularly in the north-central region of Jiashi County, which is a relatively high-risk area in which hot spots are distributed. Autumn and winter months were the outbreak season for VL cases. The detection of spatial and spatiotemporal patterns can provide epidemiologists and local governments with significant information for prevention measures and control strategies.

Abstract Background Hookworm is still one of the three main soil-transmitted helminths prevalent in China, and 39 million cases infected with hookworm were estimated in China in 2006. Results The main approach to the control of hookworm infections in China consists of large-scale deworming, rebuilding sanitation systems in rural areas and health education. The availability of low-cost, safe and single-dose albendazole make large-scale deworming programs possible in China. Currently, sanitary latrines with three-cells are recommended by government for the control of soil-transmitted helminths, since 35% of helminth infections and 83% of worm eggs could be reduced after using this kind of sanitary latrine. In addition, economic prosperity contributes greatly to the reduction of hookworm prevalence, but the inequity of economic and social development among different regions of China provides a scenario that the worst threat of hookworm infection is located in the poorest areas of southern and central China. Therefore, it is necessary to put more investments into prophylaxis and treatment of hookworm in these poor regions. Conclusion Although the prevalence of hookworm infection has fallen significantly in the last 15 years in China, the current strategy for controlling hookworm infections still needs to be strengthened along with the three-pronged approach, e.g. distributing anthelmintic drugs in schools and undertaking large-scale of hookworm deworming, improving water supplies and sanitation, and proper health education.

BACKGROUND: Plasmodium falciparum-resistance to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) has been largely reported among pregnant women. However, the profile of resistance markers to SP dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) in the general population are varied and not frequently monitored. Currently, SP is used as partner drug for artemisinin combination therapy (SP-artesunate) in some sub-Saharan African countries or as a prophylactic drug in intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy and infants and in seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC). Profiling of P. falciparum-resistant genotypes to SP is dynamic and critical in providing data that would be useful for malaria control programmes. This study assessed the profile of dhfr and dhps genes genotypes among individuals with malaria in Lagos, Nigeria. METHODS: Molecular markers of SP resistance were identified by nested PCR and sequenced among malaria positive dried blood spots (DBS) that were collected from individuals attending health facilities from January 2013 to February 2014 and during community surveys from October 2010 to September 2011 across different Local Government Areas of Lagos State, Nigeria. RESULTS: A total of 242 and 167 samples were sequenced for dhfr and dhps, respectively. Sequence analysis of dhfr showed that 95.5% (231/242), 96.3% (233/242) and 96.7% (234/242) of the samples had N51I, C59R and S108N mutant alleles, respectively. The prevalence of dhps mutation at codons A437G, A613S, S436A, A581G, I431V and K540E were 95.8% (160/167), 41.9% (70/167), 41.3% (69/167), 31.1% (52/167), 25.1% (42/167), and 1.2% (2/167) respectively. The prevalence of triple mutations (CIRNI) in dhfr was 93.8% and 44.3% for the single dhps haplotype mutation (SGKAA). Partial SP-resistance due to quadruple dhfr-dhps haplotype mutations (CIRNI-SGKAA) and octuple haplotype mutations (CIRNI-VAGKGS) with rate of 42.6% and 22.0%, respectively has been reported. CONCLUSIONS: There was increased prevalence in dhfr triple ...

Schistosomiasis is an infectious disease caused by helminth parasites of the genus Schistosoma. Worldwide, an estimated 250 million people are infected with these parasites with the majority of cases occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. Within Asia, three species of Schistosoma cause disease. Schistosoma japonicum is the most prevalent, followed by S. mekongi and S. malayensis. All three species are zoonotic, which causes concern for their control, as successful elimination not only requires management of the human definitive host, but also the animal reservoir hosts. With regard to Asian schistosomiasis, most of the published research has focused on S. japonicum with comparatively little attention paid to S. mekongi and even less focus on S. malayensis. In this review, we examine the three Asian schistosomes and their current status in their endemic countries: Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, and Thailand (S. mekongi); Malaysia (S. malayensis); and Indonesia, People's Republic of China, and the Philippines (S. japonicum). Prospects for control that could potentially lead to elimination are highlighted as these can inform researchers and disease control managers in other schistosomiasis-endemic areas, particularly in Africa and the Americas.

Background In China, the national malaria elimination programme has been operating since 2010. This study aimed to explore the epidemiological changes in patterns of malaria in China from intensified control to elimination stages. Methods Data on nationwide malaria cases from 2004 to 2012 were extracted from the Chinese national malaria surveillance system. The secular trend, gender and age features, seasonality, and spatial distribution by Plasmodium species were analysed. Results In total, 238,443 malaria cases were reported, and the proportion of Plasmodium falciparum increased drastically from <10% before 2010 to 55.2% in 2012. From 2004 to 2006, malaria showed a significantly increasing trend and with the highest incidence peak in 2006 (4.6/100,000), while from 2007 onwards, malaria decreased sharply to only 0.18/100,000 in 2012. Males and young age groups became the predominantly affected population. The areas affected by Plasmodium vivax malaria shrunk, while areas affected by P. falciparum malaria expanded from 294 counties in 2004 to 600 counties in 2012. Conclusions This study demonstrated that malaria has decreased dramatically in the last five years, especially since the Chinese government launched a malaria elimination programme in 2010, and areas with reported falciparum malaria cases have expanded over recent years. These findings suggest that elimination efforts should be improved to meet these changes, so as to achieve the nationwide malaria elimination goal in China in 2020.