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After two years in the White House, President Joe Biden, who was elected as a centrist, despite his success in implementing his social agenda by building a compromise with Congress divided between left-wing Democrats and right-wing Republicans, still embraces radical far-left agenda as the next campaign strategy. The Democratic Party consolidates in its progressive agenda which will dominate its ideological development. J. Biden's formula for success – compromise and centrism, which brought him victory in 2020, over the two years of his stay in the White House proved to be precisely the working formula for interaction with Congress and implementation of social programs. After several months of record low ratings, in August 2022, the popularity of the President improved markedly, returning to the figures of September 2021. The 44% that he received in his support still meant that the majority of society did not approve of his presidency, but it was obvious that his efforts to advance his agenda were appreciated by the public. However, the most important thing about this growth is that it was provided by independent voters. It was their support that the President began to lose after only five months of his stay in the White House, their low assessment explained the depressing support numbers of Summer 2022, and only they could return J. Biden to the game on the eve of the midterm elections, turning him from a burden for his party into its hope. Still independent voters are the most difficult audience for parties and presidents, because unlike the emotionally charged core party supporters who are ready to positively evaluate the president just because he represents their party, the swing voters evaluate the results of the presidency, not the party affiliation. And the return of this electorate to Biden after several legislative victories was a positive assessment of the effectiveness of his government strategy based on compromise. Yet there are big doubts that the Democrats are ready to hear and accept this signal of the swing voters. The logical reorientation of parties towards independent voters and a necessary shift of the agenda to the center of the ideological spectrum is complicated by the instability of moods in this part of society, the complexity of monitoring and forecasting them. Given the prevalence of the logic of electoral struggle, which changes all the social functions of political parties, such a reorientation violates the current basic principle of the American parties' ideological organization – the success of the agenda is determined by victory in the elections. With the dominance of this logic, it can be assumed that the left-wing vector of the Democratic Party's development will increase, forcing J. Biden not only to strengthen the left rhetoric, but also to expand the left agenda of his presidency, especially if his party loses control over Congress. The whole domestic political process will be still determined by the ideological conflict between two radical agendas – far-left and far-right.

In 2011, Andrew Liveris, a former CEO and chairman of The Dow Chemical Company, one of the three largest chemical producers in the world, published the book "Make in America. Re-invention solved". During the 2016 presidential campaign, he was one of D. Trump's top donors. In 2017, the President appointed him to lead his American Manufacturing Council. The slogan "make in America" became the second key ideological element of Donald Trump's presidency, along with the popular "make America great again". The strategy of restoring American industry has become the basis of D. Trump's economic policy and is continued by J. Biden. It also in many ways strengthened and accelerated the confrontational vector in the U.S. policy towards China. This is a vivid example of how ideas can get into American political discourse, become official concepts that determine not only the country's internal development, but also foreign policy strategies. In American politics, there is a well-established mechanism for such transition of ideas into political concepts and big strategies. Through this mechanism, the authors are striving to track the dynamics of the U.S. – China confrontation. This article explores the evolution of the "China Threat" concept in American policy from "think tanks" analytical papers to Senate hearings and annual reports towards, finally, the National Security Strategies of the last three administrations. This research shows the gradual change in narratives from the "U.S. – China partnership" to the "U.S. – China confrontation". The principles of systems analysis allowed us to consider the process of formulating current foreign policy approaches to China through the interaction of the main elements of the U.S. foreign policy strategic conceptualization. In this systemic process, there are three interrelated actors – research centers, Congress and the President. The research period is limited to the term of the last three presidents, with a view to trace, if possible, the point of transition from the declared "well-being" in bilateral relations to the declared confrontation. The authors came to the conclusion that the escalation of the "China Threat" in political discourse starts from the period of B. Obama's defense budget reduction and was highly promoted by the U.S. Department of Defense and military-industrial complex interest groups through conceptualization of the threat by think tanks.

In 2020, the white working class made almost half of all the votes for Donald Trump – about 37 million out of 73.5 million votes that he got. 67% of white Americans with less than four years degree cast their votes for Trump. 100 days after he lost the reelection, 29% of Republicans believed that Trump will come back to the White House before the month of August 2021. Who are they, these Trumps supporters and believers? How did Trump change their role in political life, and what will be their future after him? During the last 45 years, the white working class of America has transformed from the world's most affluent and secure working class, the linchpin of the New Deal coalition, the protagonist of the American dream into one of the most vulnerable, disintegrated and declining in its number and power element of the American electorate. Trump used their anger and despair in his way to power, bringing them back to politics. Today both the Democratic and Republican Parties are fighting again for the white working class. Historically, this group was the base of the Democratic Party. But for the last two decades, the Party has become much more liberal in its values and focused more on different groups of minorities. These trends made whites without college degree to shift to the Republican Party, regardless its "party of white riches" image. The current shift occurred in the years of Obama presidency – for highly conservative, less educated, mostly South whites this President came as a challenge to their traditional views of America. By the end of the Obama era, the Republican Party almost filled the gap with the Democratic Party in white working class support. Trump became the high pick of this shift. Meanwhile, the Democrats got the trend and came back fighting for its past electorate who suddenly became the focus of a political game and interparty transformations, which makes it highly possible to change the face of the American party system as we know today. Acknowledgements. The article was prepared within the project "Post-Crisis World Order: Challenges and Technologies, Competition and Cooperation" supported by the grant from Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation program for research projects in priority areas of scientific and technological development (Agreement № 075-15-2020-783).

In the article for the first time in the Ural historiography based on published documents and archives analyzes the population of Zlatoust in 1941—1945, who was made a worthy contribution to the Victory. Was noted significant growth his. The main source of replenishment of the inhabitants of Zlatoust was migration, which during the war years exceeded the natural population growth, with the exception of 1942. Evacuated from areas undergoing temporary occupation arrived in the city together with industrial enterprises. The number of evacuated exceeded the housing and utilities facilities of the city. The crowding and overcrowding of dwellings sharply worsened the sanitary condition of the city, exacerbated the epidemic situation in it and created favorable conditions for the spread of infections. Zlatoust survived several epidemic outbreaks of typhoid fever, measles, dysentery, tuberculosis. Due to poor nutrition, people suffered from dystrophy. During the war years, the city experienced an increase in mortality with a drop in fertility, which led to a natural decrease of population. But the improvement of the state of healthcare allowed to the end of the war to reduce the morbidity and mortality of citizens.

Orphan diseases are life-threatening, chronic, progressive and leading to a reduction in life expectancy or disability conditions. Patients with rare diseases are one of the vulnerable population groups, which is caused by several factors, such as insufficient awareness of practitioners about such diseases, complicated and lengthy diagnosis, and imperfection of legal environment in the area of pharmacological support of orphan diseases, when only 24 orphan diseases (List-24) are determined, which are treated at the expense of the RF subjects.Imperfection of federal orphan diseases legislation is shown on the example of providing patients with PAH-specific therapy: only idiopathic form of pulmonary hypertension is included in the federal List-24, there is no well-established mechanism of pharmacological support for patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) that is not included in the List-24. The article describes the successful experience in providing patients with orphan diseases, regardless of the inclusion of nosology in List-24 in Moscow, through the creation and implementation of the transparent medical and pharmacological support regulation for patients with orthopaedic diseases, which settled the timely process of provision of patients with the necessary therapy. As a result, patients with CTEPH also have access to existing pathogenetic treatment that can prolong life and improve the quality of life of such patients. ; Орфанные заболевания являются жизнеугрожающими, хроническими прогрессирующими и приводящими к сокращению жизни или инвалидизации. Пациенты с редкими заболеваниями являются одной из незащищенных групп населения, что обусловлено сразу несколькими факторами: недостаточной осведомленностью практикующих врачей о таких заболеваниях, сложной и длительной диагностикой, а также несовершенством нормативно-правового регулирования в области лекарственного обеспечения орфанных заболеваний, когда определены только 24 орфанных заболевания («ПЕРЕЧЕНЬ 24»), лечение которых производится за счет средств субъектов РФ.Несовершенство федерального законодательства в области орфанных заболеваний продемонстрировано на примере обеспечения пациентов ЛАГ-специфической терапией: только идиопатическая форма легочной гипертензии включена в федеральный «ПЕРЕЧЕНЬ 24», для пациентов с хронической тромбоэмболической легочной гипертензией (ХТЭЛГ), не входящей в «ПЕРЕЧЕНЬ 24», отсутствует отлаженный механизм лекарственного обеспечения.В статье описан успешный опыт обеспечения пациентов с орфанными заболеваниями вне зависимости от включения нозологии в «ПЕРЕЧЕНЬ 24» в г. Москве за счет создания и внедрения прозрачного регламента медицинского и лекарственного обеспечения пациентов с орфанными заболеваниями, урегулировавшего процесс своевременного обеспечения пациентов необходимой терапией. В результате пациенты с ХТЭЛГ также имеют доступ к существующему патогенетическому лечению, которое способно продлить жизнь и повысить качество жизни таких пациентов.

The study of surface morphology of a silicon target after laser exposure, the formation and study of nanoparticles, obtained by laser ablation by ultrashort infrared pulses, were conducted. The material was processed using a yttrium aluminum garnet laser (LS-2134D) with a wavelength of 1064 nm, generating in a two-pulse mode (pulses are separated by a time interval of 3 μs, pulse duration is 10 ns, pulse repetition rate is 10 Hz, single pulse energy ~ 0.05 J). Alcohol solutions of silicon nanoparticles were obtained by laser ablation. It is shown that an ensemble of particles of different sizes (from 20 nm to 2.5 μm) is formed, which have no faceting. Using the method of scanning electron microscopy, the features of the morphology of the surface of the crater of polycrystalline silicon, which is in ethyl alcohol during pulsed laser processing in the double pulse mode, have been established. It is shown that the structure of the crater consists of silicon grains separated from each other by grooves; the material evaporates along the grain boundaries, and wide thermal etching grooves are formed. These results can be used to create solar cells.

Since 2010, Russia has been developing new drug legislation, internal quality control and safety of medical organizations, and has developed algorithms for submitting Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSR) using an automated information system. On April 1, 2019, Russia launched an updated national database of ICSR, which uses the international ICH E2B data standard, which may increase the amount of reporting to the Uppsala monitoring center. This publication covers the key aspects of pharmacovigilance system development in the Russian Federation. The analysis of pharmacovigilance structure in the Russian Federation is carried out, its main problems are designated. Presents methods to identify causal relationships between adverse reaction and drug, evaluation of its degree of validity (questionnaires, algorithms, and scale), as already recommended by the WHO, and the new modifi ed versions. The expediency of using a scale for determining the degree of reliability of a causal relationship «an undesirable reaction — drug interaction» when analyzing spontaneous reports of undesirable reactions that may be caused by drug interactions is noted. An effective method of detection and prevention of adverse reactions is presented — the Global Trigger Tool (GTT). The question of the need for motivation and training of medical personnel in the correct design of spontaneous messages, as well as methods of identifying the causal relationship between adverse reactions of drugs. The directions of optimization of pharmacovigilance system are proposed, including methods of more effective active surveillance in the identifi cation and prevention of adverse reactions. ; России с 2010 г. развивается новая правовая база регулирования обращения лекарственных средств, внутреннего контроля качества и безопасности деятельности медицинских организаций, созданы алгоритмы репортирования о нежелательных реакциях с использованием автоматизированной информационной системы. Для гармонизации с международными подходами к выявлению нежелательных реакций с 1 апреля 2019 г. в национальной базе нежелательных реакций используется международный стандарт данных ICH E2B, что может способствовать увеличению объема репортирования в Уппсальский центр ВОЗ по международному мониторингу лекарственных средств. В работе освещены ключевые аспекты развития системы фармаконадзора в Российской Федерации, приведен анализ ее структуры, обозначены основные проблемы. Представлены методики выявления причинно-следственной связи между нежелательной реакцией и лекарственным препаратом и оценки степени ее достоверности (опросники, алгоритмы и шкалы): как уже рекомендованные ВОЗ, так и новые модифицированные варианты. Отмечена целесообразность использования шкалы определения степени достоверности причинно-следственной связи «нежелательная реакция—взаимодействие лекарственных средств» при анализе спонтанных сообщений о нежелательных реакциях, причиной которых может являться взаимодействие препаратов. Представлен эффективный способ выявления и предупреждения нежелательных реакций — методика глобальной оценки триггеров (Global Trigger Tool). Поставлен вопрос о необходимости мотивации и обучения медицинского персонала корректному оформлению спонтанного сообщения, а также методикам выявления причинно-следственной связи между нежелательными реакциями и лекарственными препаратами. Предложены направления оптимизации работы системы фармаконадзора, в том числе внедрение методов активного надзора.

This forecast examines the major trends in Russia's relations with the world and in the Russian view of the world in 2016. The forecast looks firstly at Russia's role in the world in the context of the extant and emergent state of geopolitics. In a confused international environment, caught between the multiple, discordant and disorderly games of checkers of the present and the emerging design of a new grand chessboard for international relations, Russia and the West have been forced into cooperation. While far from easy and far from guaranteed to work – or last – this situation does offer the possibility of overcoming divides to pursue mutual interests. These interests become particularly apparent in the context of increased shared threats and the need to act jointly against them, the uncertainties created by rising powers, and the difficulties that Russia finds itself in. The key role of new mega-regional trade agreements in this emerging great game is also emphasised in the subsequent sections of the forecast, which deal, respectively, with foreign policy and political economy. The foreign policy analysis sees the US in flux in a presidential election year, and the EU caught at the crossroads of its own failure to capitalise on integration and a migration crisis of unprecedented proportions. Meanwhile, foreign policy in the post-Soviet space is characterised more by stasis than by substantial change, with frozen conflicts and stagnant reforms in Ukraine and limited room for manoeuvre for other players the order of the day. The Russian involvement in the Middle East, however, is anything but stagnant, with the military operations in Syria having dramatic effects in both the situation in Syria and global and regional geopolitics. The sustainability of this quest for influence, however, is questioned by the attitude of other players, but also by Russia's own internal weaknesses, notably its serious and deepening economic crisis.