Suchergebnisse

Las referencias al canibalismo ritual en el contexto de conflictos armados, protagonizados por los incas, no son confabulaciones, realizadas para fines de «propaganda negra» anti-inca, sino testimonian de la existencia de un mecanismo socio-técnico aplicado por los incas en situaciones extremas: el rechazo de cualquier posibilidad de pactar con los adversarios. En otras palabras: la declaración de «guerra total».

Manqu Inqa (Manco Inca), the ruler of the neo-inca Vilcabamba state, was assassinated in the second half of1544 or in the beginning of1545 by seven Spaniards, almagrists, led by Diego Méndez. But a question arise: who was the prime instigator and the architect of the crime?

Sin resumen.

The decorated keros (wooden libation vases) and the akilla (silver vases) from the colonial period are of extreme importance in the studies of Inca culture. According to Ziółkowski's etymological study here presented the names kero and akilla relate to the material being used, quero or queru meaning wood in Quechua. In the prehispanic period the cups were made of different materials like gold, silver, wood and clay, depending on the owner;s social status. After the prehispanic period availability of metal materials decreased – wood become the most frequently used material. As a move to increase the value and prestige of the keros painted decorations were introduced.
English abstract/description written by Michał Gilewski

In the pre-Columbian Andes, as in any other pre-industrial culture, calendar systems, did have very important role but did not see much research before the 1970's. There are numerous difficulties in researching the subject that relate not only to the lack of source material but also to geographical, ethnical and social background. Many different ethnic groups lived in different parts of the Andean region. According to Ziółkowski and Sadowski these differences resulted in the existence of many calendric cycles. While studying the calendars it is important to understand the group that was using it. For example, despite the popularity of the lunar month among their people, the Inca elites used a solar calendar in their capital city.
The article contains an appendix consisting of a reconstruction of the cuzquean luni-solar calendar and its correlation with the Julian calendar for the years 1532-1550.

Part 1: Context -- Chapter 1. Machu Picchu Physiographic and Environmental Settings -- Chapter 2. Geological Setting and Geomorphological Hazards in Machu Picchu Area -- Chapter 3. Machu Picchu in the Context of the Expansion of the Inca State: Between Historical and Radiocarbon Chronologies -- Chapter 4. Machu Picchu in Context: The Inca Building Culture -- Chapter 5. Astronomical Observations at Machu Picchu: Facts, Hypothesis and Wishful Thinking -- Part 2: Prospecting Machu Picchu and Urubamba valley: New Results from Earth Observations Sciences and Technologies -- Chapter 6. Open Big Earth Observation Data and Artificial Intelligence for the Study and Preservation of UNESCO Natural and Cultural Heritage: The Case of Machu Picchu -- Chapter 7. New Results from Archaeogeophysical Investigations in Machu Picchu -- Chapter 8. Possibilities of Using LiDAR Systems in Architectural and Archaeological Research in the National Archaeological Park of Machu Picchu -- Chapter 9. In a Search for Standards in Inca Measuring System -- Chapter 10. Investigation at the Chachabamba Archaeological Monument -- Part 3: New results from Archaeological and Historical Investigations -- Chapter 11. Machu Picchu: Interdisciplinary Researches -- Chapter 12. The Phaqcha from Chachabamba -- Chapter 13. High Mountain Underwater Archaeology: Research in the Lakes at the Foot of Salkantay Mountain -- Chapter 14. Inca Road System within Machupicchu National Archaeological Park -- Chapter 15. Quillcas in the Historic Sanctuary-National Archaeological Park of Machupicchu, a New Line of Evidence for the Earliest Occupancy of the Lower Vilcanota Basin -- Chapter 16. Ethnohistorical Documents of Machu Picchu National Archaeological Park -- Chapter 17. Proof of Concept Chemical Studies of the Biodeterioration of Ancient Structures in Machu Picchu -- Chapter 18. In a Search for Inca Construction Process Logistics: Case Studies of Four Structures from the Llaqta Machu Picchu.

Th is article is dedicated to a special category of structures that may be called "astronomical instruments", constructed in the Inca Empire (ca. 14-16 c. AD). As mentioned in some sources, these were intended for use by a small group of priests-astronomers. A good example is Intimachay in Machu Picchu, which was recently re-designated as an astronomical observatory, far more complex and precise than was previously believed. Th e discovery of Inkaraqay – El Mirador, a second structure, even more complicated than Intimachay and erected for the purpose of precise astronomical observation, confi rms the importance of the knowledge of the skies in the running of the Incan Empire.

Article published without an abstract.

Introduction to special section.