General versus vocational education: Lessons from a quasi-experiment in Croatia
In: Economics of education review, Band 62, S. 1-11
ISSN: 0272-7757
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In: Economics of education review, Band 62, S. 1-11
ISSN: 0272-7757
Bu yüksek lisans tezi, uluslararası insan hakları hukuku alanında yeni bir alan araştırmasını sunmaktadır - temiz ve sağlıklı bir çevre hakkı. Uluslararası hukuk çerçevesinde, çevre kanunu - hakların genç bir dalı olarak - yakın zamanda insanlığın karşı karşıya olduğu iklim ve diğer çevre sorunları nedeniyle uluslararası toplumdan büyük ilgi görmüştür. Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesinin uygulamasında gelişen Avrupa kıtasal hukuk sisteminin insan hakları sistemi, temiz ve sağlıklı bir çevreye açık bir hak olduğunu hala bilmemektedir. Temiz ve sağlıklı birçevreye ilişkin bazı hakların ihlaline ilişkin davalar, Avrupa Mahkemesinde Avrupa Sözleşmesinde açıkça tanınan diğer haklar dahilinde incelenir. Ayrıca, Avrupa Birliği, Avrupa'daki bir suigeneris örgütü olarak, temiz ve sağlıklı bir çevreye açık bir hak olduğunu da kabul etmemektedir. Uygulamada, Avrupa Adalet Divanı temel olarak Üye Devletlerin çevre koruma alanındaki yükümlülüklerini geliştirmektedir. Bu yüksek lisans tezinin amacı, bumahkemenin çevre hukuku ve insan hakları arasında nasıl bir bağ oluşturduğunu göstermek için Avrupa Ġnsan Hakları Mahkemesi'nin içtihadını incelemektir. Temiz ve sağlıklı çevre hakkının dolaylı olarak korunmasıyla, bu Mahkeme çevre hukuku ve insan haklarına yeni bir yaklaşım getirmektedir. Buna ek olarak, yüksek lisans tezi, Avrupa Adalet Divanı'nın uygulamasını inceler ve Avrupa Birliği'nin çevre sorunlarına nasıl yaklaştığını analiz etmeyi amaçlar. Buna göre, bu makalenin ana hipotezi, temiz ve sağlıklı bir çevre hukuku sahip olmanın temel bir insan hakkı olarak tanınması ve Avrupa Konvansiyonu tarafından açıkça korunmasının sağlanmasıdır. Ayrıca, yüksek lisans tezinin bir bölümü, insan haklarının korunması ve tek tek ülkelerin anayasaları için karşılaştırmalı sistemlerde temiz ve sağlıklı bir çevre hakkının araştırılmasına ayrılmıştır. Bu araştırmanın amacı uluslararası toplumun insan hakları olarak temiz ve sağlıklı bir çevreyi koruma çabalarını göstermektir. --- This master's thesis presents the research of a new field in international human rights law - the right to a clean and healthy environment. Within the framework of international law, environmental law - as relatively young branch of rights - has recently attracted great attention from the international community due to climate and other environmental problems facing mankind. The human rights system of the European continental legal system, which evolves in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, still does not recognize the explicit right to a clean and healthy environment. Cases concerning violation of some aspects of the right to a clean and healthy environment are examined by the European Court within other expressly recognized rights in the European Convention. Furthermore, the European Union, as a sui generis organization in Europe, also does not recognize the explicit right to a clean and healthy environment. In its practice, the European Court of Justice mainly develops obligations of Member States in field of environmental protection. The aim of this master's thesis is to examinethe jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights in order to illustrate how this court creates a link between environmental law and human rights. By the indirect protection of the right to clean and healthy environemnt, this Court makes a new approach to environmental law and human rights. In addition, the master's thesis explores the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice and aims to analyze how the European Union approaches environmental issues. Accordingly, the main hypothesis of this paper is that the right to a clean and healthy environment should be recognized as a fundamental human right and explicitly protected by the European Convention. Additionally, one part of the master's thesis is devoted to the research of the right to a clean and healthy environment in comparative systems for the protection of human rights and the constitutions of individual countries. The goal of this research is to illustrate the efforts of the international community to protect the right to a clean and healthy environment as human right.
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In: IZA journal of labor policy, Band 11, Heft 1
ISSN: 2193-9004
Abstract
This paper evaluates the effect of a self-employment grant scheme for unemployed individuals—designed to ease the first 12 months of business operation—on firm growth, survival, and labor market reintegration in Croatia in the 2010–2017 period. Grants offered a moderate amount of finances (up to 50% of average annual gross salary) and absorbed only 5% of funds allocated to active labor market policies (ALMPs), but accounted for 10% of new firms opened throughout the years. We contribute to the literature on self-employment grants with several novel findings. Exploiting the longitudinal structure of the unemployment episodes dataset, we find that individuals who finish their spell with a grant have a significantly lower probability of returning to unemployment. The policy is particularly effective for individuals who would have otherwise had labor market opportunities (men, more educated, prime-age workers, previously employed), individuals who became unemployed after inactivity and lost their job due to a firm's closure—which demonstrates that self-employment subsidies can be effective in ameliorating unemployment. However, the policy was not effective for longer unemployed individuals. At the firm level, we find descriptive evidence that limited liability firms opened via a grant have lower growth potential and worse survival profile, while unlimited liability firms—even though a sizable portion of them closes after a required 12-month grant period—have a more favorable survival profile. Finally, we also find that the effectiveness of these grants has increased throughout the years, indicating toward the direction of institutional learning.
In: European Journal of Political Economy, Band 65, S. 101938
In: Industrial Relations Journal, Band 51, Heft 5, S. 454-473
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In: LABOUR, Band 34, Heft 3, S. 347-371
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Is there an economic premium from state independence? We shed light on this question by analysing the unique historical case of the peaceful separation of Serbia and Montenegro in 2006—the last fully recognised internationally state-disintegration on European soil. Using the synthetic control approach, we find that independence for the seceding country (Montenegro) had a sizeable but transitory positive effect, boosting GDP per capita in the period immediately following independence, but with gains slowly evaporating in the longer period—which we attribute to increased vulnerability of the newly independent state to fluctuations in the international economic environment. In contrast, for Serbia, we find no evidence of an independence dividend. While these results are context-specific, the resemblance of Serbia and Montenegro's case with the contemporaneous independence movements in Europe, namely in the realm of policy autonomy pre-separation, provide insights on possible economic outcomes of secessions on the national and supra-national level in Europe.
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In: Business and Society Review, Band 124, Heft 2, S. 201-217
ISSN: 1467-8594
AbstractThis article aims to focus on how signatories versus nonsignatories in the U.S. pharmaceutical sector compare with respect to the internal and external stakeholders and principles of the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC). We seek to answer the question: Do signatories to the UNGC walk the talk better than nonsignatories as determined by a variety of published rankings and data? This research presents an innovative approach to the evaluation of UNGC signatories. It uses several objective and independent data sources to assess a matched group of signatories versus nonsignatories in the U.S. pharmaceutical sector. Signatory organizations in the same sector as determined by SIC codes were matched with nonsignatories on variables such as size and number of employees in U.S. pharmaceutical companies. Then both types of organizations were compared on the following data sources: Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies ratings, ratings by external stakeholders, ratings by employees, unionization data, financial measures, and annual reports to shareholders. Using nonparametric testing the research found there are differences between signatories and nonsignatories in the U.S. pharmaceutical sector for some of the external stakeholder measures and no differences were found for the internal stakeholder measures.
In: Business and Society Review, Band 124, Heft 2, S. 201-217
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In: Werkstattstechnik: wt, Band 112, Heft 6, S. 390-394
ISSN: 1436-4980
Zunehmende Komplexität, steigende Anforderungen an die Flexibilität und der Wandel der Arbeitswelt erfordern ein neues Leitbild für die Produktentstehung – Advanced Systems Engineering (ASE). Das "Mobile Plug-In Labor" unterstützt Unternehmen bei der Realisierung einer digitalisierten und auf den Paradigmen des ASE basierenden Produktentstehung direkt vor Ort. Der Beitrag stellt Konzept, Aufbau sowie Erkenntnisse aus dem Laborbetrieb dar.
Rising complexity, increasing demands on flexibility, and the transformation of the working environment require a new guiding paradigm for product creation – Advanced Systems Engineering (ASE). The "Mobile Plug-In Lab" supports companies in the realization of digitalized product development based on the paradigms of ASE on site. The article describes the method, the setup and the findings from lab operation.
In: Employee relations, Band 43, Heft 1, S. 45-62
ISSN: 1758-7069
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to empirically examine supervisor-subordinate relationships and their impact on performance appraisal in Croatia. Specifically, we were interested in examining how supervisor-subordinate relationships impact subordinate perceptions of performance evaluation and the subordinate's reactions to the performance evaluation.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses matched data from a sample of supervisors and subordinates (n = 53) in a leading organization in the hospitality industry in Croatia, as well as objective performance appraisal data to examine the impact of supervisor-subordinate relationships on subordinate reactions to performance appraisal.FindingsThe key findings of this study include (1) supervisor trustworthiness determines the quality of their relationship with subordinates and leads to interpersonal liking, and (2) supervisor-subordinate relationship quality has a significant impact on subordinate reactions to performance appraisal process and outcomes.Research limitations/implicationsThe overall sample size (n = 53) of this study is small, and limits our ability to make generalizations beyond a point. Also, since the sample included only Croatian individuals, the findings maybe an artifact of the fact that they all hold similar values. Future studies should examine these relationships in supervisor-subordinate dyads comprised of individuals of different cultural backgrounds.Practical implicationsSupervisors should attempt to have high quality relationships with most, if not all, subordinates, as this would lead to higher acceptance of the performance appraisal process, which can impact future performance. Also, trustworthiness is closely related to the subordinate's perception of the quality of relationship he/she shares with the supervisor.Originality/valueThis is the first known paper to empirically study performance appraisal processes and relationships in Croatia, which also included both supervisor and subordinate perspectives.
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted routine hospital services globally. This study estimated the total number of adult elective operations that would be cancelled worldwide during the 12 weeks of peak disruption due to COVID-19. Methods: A global expert response study was conducted to elicit projections for the proportion of elective surgery that would be cancelled or postponed during the 12 weeks of peak disruption. A Bayesian β-regression model was used to estimate 12-week cancellation rates for 190 countries. Elective surgical case-mix data, stratified by specialty and indication (surgery for cancer versus benign disease), were determined. This case mix was applied to country-level surgical volumes. The 12-week cancellation rates were then applied to these figures to calculate the total number of cancelled operations. Results: The best estimate was that 28 404 603 operations would be cancelled or postponed during the peak 12 weeks of disruption due to COVID-19 (2 367 050 operations per week). Most would be operations for benign disease (90·2 per cent, 25 638 922 of 28 404 603). The overall 12-week cancellation rate would be 72·3 per cent. Globally, 81·7 per cent of operations for benign conditions (25 638 922 of 31 378 062), 37·7 per cent of cancer operations (2 324 070 of 6 162 311) and 25·4 per cent of elective caesarean sections (441 611 of 1 735 483) would be cancelled or postponed. If countries increased their normal surgical volume by 20 per cent after the pandemic, it would take a median of 45 weeks to clear the backlog of operations resulting from COVID-19 disruption. Conclusion: A very large number of operations will be cancelled or postponed owing to disruption caused by COVID-19. Governments should mitigate against this major burden on patients by developing recovery plans and implementing strategies to restore surgical activity safely.
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