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Persons in positions of authority are able to engender feelings of reverence in others. Such reverence, unfortunately, can lead to exploitation. For many centuries, courts and legal writers have struggled to come to terms with this problem. Reverence does not fit comfortably into the traditional niches of metus (because it does not necessarily involve fear instilled by threats of harm) and dolus (since inducing fear is not the same as deception). Yet, at times, it simply cannot be ignored in assessing the validity of a contract. This article shows that medieval and early modern civil lawyers re-interpreted the Roman concepts of metus and dolus to provide relief to those whose contractual intention had been severely and detrimentally distorted by feelings of reverence. However, from about the 17th century onwards the inchoate civilian notion of undue influence gradually withered away, and it was only in England that a more mature doctrine of undue influence evolved. The mixed legal systems of Scotland and South Africa, faced with insufficiently developed rules of Roman-Scots and Roman-Dutch law, were bound to be attracted by the English concept which they eventually decided to embrace. But it was not a complete reception. Neither Scots nor South African law make use of the presumptions of impropriety which characterize undue influence in English law. Yet, the works of medieval and early modern lawyers reveal that the use of presumptions is by no means alien to the civilian tradition, and that they can be employed usefully to assist those who might otherwise find it difficult to prove that they have been exposed to a kind of influence which, in all likelihood, has to be characterized as 'undue'. The position in English law merely reflects what in civilian systems has always been regarded as the appropriate solution in cases of contracts affected by metus. The experiences in South Africa and Scotland also contain a lesson for the broader comparative community, for they appear to confirm the wisdom of accepting a notion of undue influence into a set of principles of European private law.

In this scientific contribution we verified the qualitative and quantitative validity of the DIN EN 12916 or ASTM D6591 based on high performance liquid chromatography with a refractive index detector (HPLC – RID) for the correct determination of aromatic compounds in middle distillates. This was achieved by investigating the influence of the potential insufficient LC separation of aromatic and aliphatic compound classes. The eluent from the HPLC was fractionized according its elution time and these fractions were subsequently analyzed (offline) by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). The methodology was evaluated for common commercial available middle distillates (B0 and B7 Diesel, light heating oil and jet fuel), mixtures of pure diesel fuel with up to 7% hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO), which serves as an example for a modern advanced premium diesel fuel and different amounts of mono and di-aromatic compounds in HVO as matrix. Compound classes were identified and quantified by applying a data evaluation method which was previously developed in-house [2] for middle distillates based on GC×GC-TOFMS and Visual Basic Scripting (VBS). Our findings show that the deviations between the results obtained by the GCxGC–MS vs. DIN EN 12916 could be attributed to insufficient separation between compound classes when using the DIN EN 12916 method for current middle distillates. The composition of modern fuels furthermore affects the qualitative as well as the quantitative outcome of industrial established standard methods, and that it is pivotal to revise and develop these analytical techniques in a consequential manner as the composition of fuels and petrochemical products will change and be adapted accordingly to legislative, commercial and environmental changes.

Eine genauere Abschätzung der Exposition von Beschäftigten gegenüber Aerosolen aus semi-volatilen organischen Substanzen (semi-volatile organic compounds – SVOC) kann durch simultane und getrennte Probenahme beider Aerosolphasen erzielt werden. Die Dampf/Partikel-Verteilung solcher Aerosole ist aufgrund ihrer unterschiedlichen Depositionseigenschaften im Atemtrakt toxikologisch bedeutsam. Untersucht wurde die Verwendbarkeit extrudierter monolithischer kohlenstoffhaltiger Denuder zur Dampf/Partikel-Trennung für den Gesamtstaub-Gas-Probenahme-(GGP)-Sammler. Dabei zeigte sich eine hohe Transmissionseffizienz ( 98 %) bei einem einzelnen Denuder für 1 bis 3 µm große Polystyrol-Latex-Partikel sowie SVOC-Tröpfchen bei einer Durchflussrate von 5 l/min. Weiterhin wurden hohe Adsorptionseffizienzen um 97 % für eine Flussrate von 5 l/min und zwei Denuder beobachtet. Bei 10 l/min wurde dagegen n-Hexadecandampf effizienter adsorbiert als Diethylenglycoldampf. n-Hexadecantröpfchen von ca. 1 und 2 µm Größe zeigten im Denuder bei 5 l/min keine wesentliche Verdunstung. Somit lässt sich der charakterisierte Denuder zur effektiven Dampf/Partikel-Trennung von Aerosolen aus unpolaren Alkanen mit Tröpfchendurchmessern von 1 bis 3 µm bei einer Flussrate von 5 l/min einsetzen.