Suchergebnisse

Research for the EUDO Citizenship Observatory Comparative Analyses has been jointly supported by the European Commission grant agreement JLS/2007/IP/CA/009 EUCITAC and by the British Academy Research Project CITMODES (both projects co-directed by the European University Institute and the University of Edinburgh).

The concept of citizenship includes four dimensions more easily understandable by their opposites. 1. Membership of a state: in this case citizen is the opposite of foreigner. Many languages adopt in this case different or coexistent terms such as nationality, nacionalidad, nationalité. 2. Emancipation: citizen here is the opposite of subject, slave and serf. 3. Public endowment: citizen here is the opposite of socially marginalized. 4. Standardization, citizen here is the opposite of communitarian and parochial. Immigration impacts on all four dimensions, and its impact produces conflicts, zigzagging policies, converging and diverging trends among democratic regimes. Full membership can be more or less easily achieved. Emancipation and endowment rights can be more or less disconnected from membership and even from the simple status of resident. Demands of de-standardization by new minorities, and imposition of standardization to them, can be more or less easily accommodated. The profile of democratic regimes is consequently deeply and differently reshaped by the impact of immigration. ; El concepto de ciudadanía comprende cuatro dimensiones que se entienden más fácilmente por sus opuestas. 1. La condición de miembro de un estado: en este caso el ciudadano es lo opuesto al extranjero. Muchas lenguas adoptan en este supuesto términos diferentes o coexistentes tales como nationality, nationalité, nazionalita. 2. Emancipación: el ciudadano es aquí lo opuesto al súbdito, esclavo y siervo. 3. Apoyo público: el ciudadano es aquí lo opuesto al marginado socialmente. 4. Regulación: el ciudadano es aquí lo opuesto a lo comunitario y pueblerino. La inmigración incide en las cuatro dimensiones y su impacto produce conflictos, políticas zigzagueantes, y tendencias convergentes y divergentes entre los regímenes democráticos. La condición de miembro pleno puede alcanzarse más o menos fácilmente. La emancipación y los derechos de apoyo pueden desconectarse más o menos de la condición de miembro e incluso del mismo estado de residente. Las peticiones de des-regulación por las nuevas minorías y la imposición a ellas de la regulación pueden acomodarse más o menos fácilmente. El perfil de los regímenes democráticos se modifica profunda y diferentemente por el impacto de la inmigración.

Discusses Italian immigration policy, attempting to identify public policy-making patterns. It is suggested that innovative measures addressed to low social strata, at least in Italy, often originate in benevolent illegal practices introduced by sympathetic civil servants & social workers, pressed & supported by voluntary sector associations, charities, & unions. Practices promoted by lobbying are, step by step, embodied in local administration & social services directives & circulars, & then diffused & standardized over the national territory by central government circulars. Senior public administrators & expert committees eventually filter & integrate these practices in the light of comparative policy studies & with a view to possible political outcomes; also they polish, adapt, & correct the practices to translate them into bills of law. Parliament discusses & amends them according to party & intraparty alignments. Any resulting legislation is the outcome of fights & compromises, although enlightenment (expert committees) & benevolence (low strata lobbying) remain in the final product. Legislation originating from benevolent illegal practice is, in turn, partially eroded by malevolent illegal practice, ie, by circulars & decrees illegally used in fields constitutionally protected by law. A remarkable share of the decision-making process takes place sheltered from party conflicts, parliamentary action, or public opinion. This sort of "extrapolitical" policy tends to be of greater significance when new party elites come to power, & lesser when the new elite becomes established. 4 Tables, 1 Figure, 41 Appendixes. Adapted from the source document.