Suchergebnisse

The female advantage in life expectancy (LE) is found throughout the world, despite differences in living conditions. However, this advantage has diminished in recent years in countries with low mortality rates. In Russia, according to data for 2020, the difference in life expectancy at birth between women and men is 10 years (according to Rosstat) and is one of the highest in the world. The aim of our study is to find out what contribution to the gender gap in life expectancy can be made by the difference between men and women in terms of the value of health and the practice of self-caring behavior. To do this, we used data from the Sample Survey of Behavioral Factors Affecting the Health of the Population conducted by Rosstat in 2013, namely, the respondents' answers to a number of questions related to self-caring and health-preserving behavior. Using these questions, the level of the gap in the value of their own health and health-preserving behavior between Russian men and women is quantified according to the microdata of the survey using OLS regression and ordinal logit regression, where the respondent's answer to the question is used as a dependent variable, and the main independent variable is the gender of the respondent. The results showed that value attitudes to healthy lifestyle significantly affect health-preserving behavior. Correlations between the value of health and various aspects of health-preserving behavior turned out to be in the predicted direction. At the same time, at the level of the subjects of the Russian Federation, the analysis showed a high statistical significance of the following predictors of the gender gap in life expectancy: high levels of consumption of strong alcoholic beverages and tobacco smoking. The increase in the value of health among Russian men is here only of very limited importance for reducing the gender gap in life expectancy.

This paper analyzes the differentiation of birth rates of Russia women by education levels. Two levels are specified: 1) complete and incomplete higher education; 2) secondary professional education and below). First of all, the mean number of children born in real cohorts is calculated for each of the two education levels. For this, we use the micro-databases of the 2010 census and the 2015 micro-census. The data of the Sample Survey of the Reproductive Plans of Population are used additionally (including in the construction of age models of fertility). We estimate mean numbers of children born in one-year age groups in real cohorts by female education levels at 1.5 for women with complete and incomplete higher education and 1.8 for women with secondary professional education and below. Based on the obtained estimates and the analyzed data, we construct three forecast scenarios of the future dynamics of fertility rates for two levels of education. In our opinion, mean number of children born to real cohorts of women will likely stay the same for both education levels, as will the age-related fertility model — so this scenario is considered as the basic and the most likely one. The forecast scenario of mean number of children dropping to the lowest values that were observed in real cohorts of women of the 1960s — the first half of the 1970s is considered as a low variant. In determining the high variant of the forecast scenario we take into account the data on the expected and desired number of children among women with different education levels. Finally, we proceed to calculate the mean numbers of children born in real cohorts by female education levels according to each of the three forecast scenarios up till the cohort of women born in 2035, who will enter their reproductive age in 2050.

This paper presents the results of a study of the links between the gender gap in life expectancy, on the one hand, and differences in value attitudes towards a healthy lifestyle between men and women, on the other.