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The article aims at an analysis of changes in development of globalization which took place during the 2007-2008 crisis and the following years of the economic slowdown. The analysis is conducted against the background of the situation in the world economy and includes investigation of changes (dynamics and structures) in global flows of merchandise, exports of services and foreign direct investments. The structural transformation of global flows indicates the increasing share and role of China in the world economy. The significance of transnational corporations in the globalization process calls for portraying the evolution of their activity and relations with nation states and other groups of economic actors. Attention is drawn to changes in the set and forces of key globalization factors, including technological progress (in the age of information revolution), economic, social and demographic as well as political factors. The increasing impacts of evolving States' policies and socio-demographic situation on trends in the global economy are acknowledged. The transformation of globalization factors considerably affects the development and evolution (or metamorphosis) of the investigated process. Six signs of the initiated metamorphosis of globalization, which indicate possible intensification and direction of changes in the futurę development of the process, are discussed

Celem artykułu jest zbadanie procesu przenoszenia prac B+R przez korporacje transnarodowe za granicę. Prezentowana jest tu perspektywa oddziaływania korporacyjnych jednostek badawczych na kraje goszczące oraz zagadnienie prowadzenia przez państwo polityki zmierzającej do podniesienia innowacyjności gospodarki krajowej. Przenoszenie prac B+R za granicę uruchamia przepływy zagranicznych inwestycji bezpośrednich i rozwój korporacyjnych jednostek badawczych (ośrodków B+R i filii produkcyjnych z działami badawczymi) oraz rozszerzanie ich powiązań lokalnych, co oddziałuje na krajową sferę badawczą i gospodarkę. Powstaje "zagraniczny komponent" krajowej sfery badawczej, którego charakterystyka wyraźnie różni się od cech krajowych podmiotów tej sfery. Możliwe są korzystne i niekorzystne oddziaływania korporacyjnych ośrodków B+R i filii na innowacyjność krajowych podmiotów oraz na funkcjonowanie narodowego systemu innowacyjności (NSI). W krajach goszczących państwo powinno kształtować rozwój i działalność zagranicznych jednostek badawczych należących do korporacji transnarodowych (KTN) za pomocą instrumentów polityki inwestycyjnej (wobec napływu zagranicznych inwestycji bezpośrednich) oraz instrumentów polityki innowacyjnej (częściowo wobec działalności innowacyjnej obcych korporacji). W obu wypadkach ta polityka powinna służyć realizacji długofalowej strategii podnoszenia innowacyjności krajowej gospodarki.

The paper aims at investigating the process of international R&D relocation by transnational corporations abroad. The prospective impacts exerted by corporate research units on host countries and the public policy conducted for enhancing innovativeness of national economy are presented. R&D relocation implies FDI inflows by TNCs to host countries aimed at establishing corporate research units (research centers, subsidiaries engaged in research and production) as well as expanding their local ties which generate impacts on national R&D sphere and host economy. "Foreign component" of national research sphere is developed and its characteristics differ from those of domestic research entities. There are possible both favorable and unfavorable impacts exerted by foreign research units on innovativeness of domestic entities and NIS functioning. The host state should influence growth and activity of corporate foreign research units by means of investment policy (towards FDI inflows) and innovation policy (towards TNCs' innovation activity), in both cases serving a long-term strategy for enhancing innovativeness of national economy.

The article investigates changes of national innovativeness and state's innovation policy under conditions of open economy. An external openness – to the global environment – enables growth of international flows of goods and factors as well as increase of business and institutional linkages. Raising importance and impacts of external conditions on national innovativeness and national innovation system (NIS) are driven by four processes: globalization, regionalization, growing knowledge-based economy and transnational business. A new concept of NIS internationalization process in an open economy is introduced, including external and internal conditions, four groups of entities (including ones of foreign origin) together with their linkages and interactions. The return of the state to active innovation policy in order to influence activity led by all entities of domestic as well as foreign origins, including subsidiaries and research centers owned by foreign firms (TNCs) is justified in the light of the research. The state should influence the activity led by foreign entities with instruments of investment policy (to attract inflow of foreign direct investments to the domestic research sector) as well as instruments of innovation policy directed towards all entities.

The reviewed book by T. Piketty has become one of the bestsellers in the world, and soon after its publication appeared reviews expressing both positive (and even enthusiastic) opinions, as well as highly critical ones. The latter, to some extent, refer to the theory of K. Marx, whose works are used by the author in the title of the book and partly in research. The subject of this publication is creation, division and possession of capital (wealth, wealth) in the modern world economy, especially highly developed countries. The key research task undertaken by Piketty concerns changes in the creation and distribution of wealth and income from the 18th century to the present, as well as lessons from this for the society and the present and future. In this context, an important place is occupied by the problem of economic and social inequalities arising in the global process of capital multiplication, which remains in the hands of a small group of its owners. The need to counteract unfavorable phenomena is growing, which leads to the development of a social state, a new type of public policy and the use of strong instruments to redistribute income.

The article aims to portray important changes in the activity of TNCs' foreign subsidiaries which result in the increased participation of subsidiaries in develop‑ ment of knowledge resource and competitiveness by parent firms. Knowledge flows evolve under growth of activity and changed functioning of foreign subsidiaries and recently various factors have contributed to expanding process coined a cre‑ ative transition of TNCs' foreign subsidiaries. The process consists in increased engagement of foreign subsidiaries in conducting own R&D and creating a new knowledge as well as acquiring knowledge form various external sources, mostly from local entities in host countries. Competitiveness of subsidiaries is sustained and a reverse technology transfer to parent firm is initiated. "Local embedded‑ ness" of TNCs' subsidiaries offers more possibilities to tap to knowledge itself and knowledge ‑creating local resources and capabilities, first of all by means of participation in regional and national innovations systems (or networks). It can result in draining local market of knowledge and other resources/capabilities, next in leaking new knowledge out of the country, and finally in inhibiting innovation and competitiveness of firms and economy of the host country.

Growth of the knowledge-based economy has been influenced by economic and technological processes in the contemporary world, particularly globalization and information revolution. Research and development activities, knowledge, new technologies and innovations have assumed a crucial significance at all levels of economic activity and for that reason are supported by government policies. According to a World Bank concept growth of the knowledge-based economy can be stimulated by four groups of determinants – or so-called pillars – including: economic and institutional system of a given country, education and training, information infrastructure and national innovation system. Activity of the innovation system promotes creation and diffusion of new knowledge and its application as innovations by national enterprises in co-operation with universities, research centers and public institutions. The activities of all entities can be stimulated by government innovation policies. The problems of national innovativeness are discussed from theoretical and empirical viewpoints, focusing on experience of Finland which is one of the leading countries in world's rankings of knowledge economy and national innovation systems. The final conclusion underlines the fact that cross-border linkages of innovation systems within enterprises and countries can generate some threats to a national economy during global economic crisis.