Suchergebnisse

For many years, Poland has been looking for a new taxation structure for income from agricultural activities in place of the agricultural tax which is still a basic burden for Polish farms. The study presents the results of the tax awareness analysis carried out in the selected group of farmers i.e. those involved in the cow's milk production (32), so as to conclude, on this basis, on the assessment of tax fiscalism among this professional group. Tax burdens, both within the entire taxation system, as well as within new tax solutions, are perceived and expressed in a subjective way. The overall assessment of the tax system in terms of social expectations and reactions is dependent on, inter alia, the level of education of taxpayers, legal awareness, prevailing attitudes towards taxation. The results of the presented studies have shown a low level of tax awareness among farmers. The primary source of knowledge on taxes, including tax reliefs, are other farmers and information from tax authorities. The fiscal burden of taxes paid for the analysed group of farmers is not large. Few of them consider the following taxes as at least significant fiscal burden: agricultural tax (21.9%), real property tax (21.9%) or forestry tax (3.1%). According to the surveyed, the reasons for non-payment of taxes are mainly economic. The respondents consider the agricultural tax structure as appropriate. Most of the surveyed (56.3%) hold a negative attitude towards introducing the income tax on farmers and their agricultural activity. If it was to be introduced, it should be accompanied by tax reliefs, associated mainly with crisis situations, as well as investment allowances and reliefs dependent on the farm size. Despite modernisation or acquisition of new land incorporated into their farms, some farmers have not used an investment allowance. The reason for this state of affairs was, inter alia, the lack of knowledge on the suitable legislation. Farmers have a poor knowledge on the methods of paying tax liabilities and mostly do not use them. Almost all (93.8%) farmers know the possibility of recovering some funds spent on diesel fuel used for the agricultural production on a basis of invoices presented. Few (6.3%) believe that the current limit of excise tax refund is satisfactory. More than 31% of the surveyed use professional assistance (mainly accounting offices) as regards implementing obligations related to VAT settlement. The selection of the settlement method is conditioned economically. ; Od wielu lat poszukuje się w Polsce nowej konstrukcji opodatkowania dochodów z działalności rolniczej w miejsce podatku rolnego, który wciąż jest podstawowym obciążeniem polskich gospodarstw rolnych. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki analizy świadomości podatkowej wybranej grupy rolników, tj. prowadzących produkcję mleka krowiego (32), aby na tej podstawie wyprowadzić wnioski dotyczące oceny fiskalizmu podatkowego wśród tej grupy zawodowej. Ciężary podatkowe, tak w wymiarze całego systemu daninowego, jak i nowych rozwiązań podatkowych są odczuwane i wyrażane w sposób subiektywny. Ogólna ocena systemu podatkowego pod kątem oczekiwań i reakcji społecznych zależy m.in. od poziomu wykształcenia podatników, świadomości prawnej, dominujących postaw względem opodatkowania. Rezultaty zaprezentowanych badań ukazały niski stopień świadomości podatkowej badanych rolników. Podstawowym źródłem wiedzy o podatkach, w tym o ulgach podatkowych, są inni rolnicy oraz informacje z organów podatkowych. Fiskalny ciężar płaconych podatków dla badanej grupy rolników nie jest zbyt duży. Niewielu z nich uważa za co najmniej znaczne obciążenie fiskalne podatek rolny (21,9%), podatek od nieruchomości (21,9%) lub podatek leśny (3,1%). Według badanych powody niepłacenia podatków mają głównie ekonomiczny charakter. Respondenci uważają konstrukcję podatku rolnego za właściwą. Większość badanych (56,3%) ma negatywny stosunek do wprowadzenia podatku dochodowego od rolników i ich działalności rolnej. Jeśli miałby być on wprowadzony, to powinny mu towarzyszyć ulgi podatkowe, związane głównie z sytuacjami kryzysowymi, a także ulgi inwestycyjne i ulgi uzależnione od wielkości gospodarstwa. Pomimo modernizacji lub nabycia nowych gruntów włączonych do swoich gospodarstw, część gospodarzy nie skorzystała z ulgi inwestycyjnej. Przyczyną tego stanu rzeczy była m.in. nieznajomość odpowiednich przepisów prawnych. Rolnicy słabo znają sposoby uiszczania zobowiązań podatkowych i w większości z nich nie korzystają. Prawie wszyscy (93,8%) rolnicy mają wiedzę na temat możliwości odzyskania części pieniędzy wydanych na olej napędowy używany do produkcji rolnej na podstawie przedstawionych faktur. Nieliczni (6,3%) uważają, że obecny limit zwrotu podatku akcyzowego jest zadowalający. Ponad 31% badanych korzysta z fachowej pomocy (głównie biura rachunkowego) w zakresie realizacji obowiązków związanych z rozliczaniem VAT. Wybór sposobu rozliczania jest uwarunkowany ekonomiczne.

The purpose of the article is, firstly, an attempt at assessing whether the legal regulations support the development of cooperatives and aid the communes in performing their tasks and, secondly, to evaluate the statistical data concerning cooperatives, types of operations and the possible directions of development within the context of communes' tasks (especially rural). At the beginning basic legal regulations concerning cooperatives were presented. The considerations focused on social cooperatives, dairy cooperatives, cooperative groups of agricultural producers, farmers' cooperatives, energy cooperatives, bank cooperatives, housing cooperatives. Selected legal regulations are presented, especially their changes, which aimed to encourage the establishment of cooperatives. Their functioning is in line with the seventh cooperative principle, i.e. concern for the local community. Statistical data has been presented of role of different cooperative sector in the Polish economy in the context of the tasks of communes (especially rural). In summary, the authors stated that the functioning of many cooperatives feeds into the performance of commune's tasks. This mostly relates to implementation of programs aiming for civic and economic activation in a given region, creation of workplaces, higher income of rural inhabitants, social aid, renewable energy, supporting activities for the development of a given commune.

The aim of the article was to assess the development process of dairy cooperatives in Poland over the last 150 years, with the economic situation and the impact of legal regulations taken into account, and to assess empirical research findings on how dairy cooperatives operate according to their members (benefits of membership, development opportunities and threats). Despite the long tradition and experience in cooperation between dairies and farmers, the period of the centrally planned economy and economic transformation brought many changes. Poland's EU accession has improved their development opportunities. The cooperatives have a high share in the milk purchase and dairy product sale. The cooperation with farmers has improved. However, there are still areas that need to be improved in the real spirit of the cooperative idea because they concern the basic economic benefits of membership and the principles of function of coops.

The study, devoted to the assessment of the financial condition of cities with poviat status (CWPS) in Poland, aims (i) to position cities with poviat status in the structure of local government and (ii) to examine and assess the average financial condition of city with poviat status in Poland in the spatial aspect, using standard measures (measures referring to the budget result, income potential and the amount of expenses) and those of the authors' (reflecting the possibility of satisfying the needs of the local government community). The study uses the methods of descriptive statistics. Detailed analyses were carried out on the basis of the authors' own calculations, using an MS Excel spreadsheet, and the calculated measures were presented for two deliberately selected years (2010 and 2019). The analyses present different pictures of the financial conditions: while the values produced by standard measures in 2019 compared to 2010 clearly indicate an improvement in the financial condition of analysed cities in Poland, the values derived from the authors' measures do not confirm this. Changes in the values of both groups of indicators are spatially diverse. Both groups, however, indicate that there are voivodeships whose financial condition improved more in 2019 compared to 2010 (classical indicators) or deteriorated to a lesser extent (authors' indicators) than other voivodeships. This applies to the provinces of Western and Central Poland. CWPS in these regions, due to their location and impact in the region, as well as their attractiveness as places of employment doing business: 1) have been better prepared to start new investments and incur further commitments; 2) attract high school and university graduates and investors; 3) have a large stock of real estate, including extensive infrastructure; and 4) are less dependent on transfers from the state budget.