Suchergebnisse

The article covers the peculiarities of the state policy of the Soviet government in the western regions of the USSR during the initial period of the war. The activities of the administrative-command system, in particular, ignoring the interests of national, economic and cultural development of peoples, the unlimited centralization of power, unification of all aspects of public life, which were realized through means of terror and violence, are considered. It was shown that during the initial period of the Second World War, the Stalinist regime made significant efforts to discriminate and conduct mass repressions against the ethnic communities. The official explanation of the application to individual peoples of mass deportations was the "anti-Soviet activity" and retaliation for a possible "betrayal." Repressions and deportations as separate components of the national politics and interethnic relations relate primarily to the Poles of the borderline - the "sedentary", as well as Ukrainians – members of the families of "counter-revolutionary and nationalist element" from the territory of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus. The clear structure of the management and execution of crimes by a system of state authorities and directly by the NKVD of the USSR is revealed. The echelons of the repressed and deported ones were sent to the camps and special settlements under inhumane conditions, without any household items or means of living. Without any investigation, over 1173 thousand Ukrainians, Poles and other ethnic groups were punished and deported, 35 % of which were children under the age of 14. More than 34 thousand representatives of the intelligentsia, members of the nationalist underground, and clerics who were detained in the prisons of the region were destroyed. The same happened to many Polish prisoners of war, political, religious and cultural figures. The Soviet authorities, by deportating the people, violated the constitutional rights of peoples, the fundamental right of ethnic communities to create a state and continue the national-cultural development, deformed their national and political consciousness, and the deportees' long stay in a foreign ethnic, civilized and confessional environment had a negative impact on their lifestyle, daily routine, educational and cultural level, led to the loss of their native language and caused the disappearance of certain ethnic groups. The massive repressions and violent resettlement of peoples during the war period caused the prolonged bloody interethnic conflicts on the post-Soviet territory. ; У статті висвітлюються характерні для початкового періоду війни особливості державної політики радянського керівництва у західних регіонах СРСР. Розглядається діяльність адміністративно-командної системи, зокрема, ігнорування інтересів національного, економічного і культурного розвитку народів, необмеженість централізації влади, уніфікація всіх сторін суспільного життя, що реалізовувалась засобами терору і насильства. Розглядаються репресії і депортації, як окремі складові національної політики і міжнаціональних відносин, що стосувалися в першу чергу поляків прикордонної смуги – "осадників", а також українців – членів сімей "контрреволюційного і націоналістичного елементу".

The article is devoted to the state and importance of religion and church in the Soviet society, in particular in the Ukrainian SSR, at the stage of strengthening of the authoritarian tendencies and their transformation into totalitarianism during the period of 1930 – early 1940s. Considerable attention is paid to the main directions of the state religion and church policy, the social component of the activity of religious and church organizations is revealed; the main tasks and directions of realization of ideology of the Soviet communist regime are considered, anti-religious policy aimed at the destruction of spiritual and moral principles and traditions of peoples in particular. It was proved that the anti-religious doctrine developed by V. Lenin was directed against Christianity, and especially against the Orthodox Church. One of the main reasons for this was that the Orthodox Church condemned the politics of violence and terror in public relations, as well as other manifestations of evil against people, government and the state. The methods and means of terror used by the Soviet communist authorities against church denominations, in particular, the general ideological pressure on believers and representatives of all denominations, anti-religious propaganda, the prohibition of the printing of religious editions, the closure and destruction of churches and monasteries, the nationalization of all church lands, the cessation and physical destruction of clergymen and their family members. It was shown that the anti-religious campaign in Ukraine in the 1930's was closely linked with the destruction of the Ukrainian village and dispossession. The Soviet government considered the closure of churches, the persecution of the clergy and faithful men as an integral part of the implementation of socialism in the village. The antichristian essence of the Bolshevik ideology gave its followers a propensity for primitive instincts, which led to massive cases of violence, sadism and abuse over the human person. The moral and ethical values, traditions, spirituality were spoiled. Instead, the idolatry was introduced to the new leaders. But despite the fact that the anti-religious campaigns of the Bolshevik authorities were massive and cruel, they did not bring the results that were expected by representatives of the Soviet government. The opposition to the antireligious policy of Soviet power became one of the types of general resistance to the Stalinist totalitarian regime ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню церковно-релігійного життя в Україні уперіод 1930-х – початку 1940-х років. Значна увага приділена напрямкам державної антирелігійної політики, розкрито соціальну складову діяльності церковно-релігійних організацій; основні завдання і напрями реалізації ідеології радянського комуністичного режиму, а саме політику, спрямовану на нищення духовності й моральних принципів і традицій народів; методи та засоби терору радянської комуністичної влади застосовані проти духівництва усіх конфесій, зокрема, тотальний ідеологічний тиск на віруючих, антирелігійна пропаганда, заборона друкування релігійних видань, закриття і нищення церков та монастирів, націоналізація всіх церковних земель, переслідування і фізичне знищення священнослужителів та членів їх родин. Показано, що антирелігійна кампанія в Україні була тісно пов'язана з руйнуванням українського села та розкуркуленням