Suchergebnisse

OBJETIVO: Analizar la aplicación directa de recursos financieros por los entes federados para la adquisición de medicamentos en el Sistema Único de Salud. MÉTODOS: Se levantaron los valores ubicados en aplicaciones directas para la adquisición de medicamentos en el año de 2009 en dos sistemas de información: Siga Brasil del Senado Federal (para la Unión) y Sistema de Informaciones sobre Presupuestos Públicos en Salud (para estados, Distrito Federal y municipios). Se calculó el gasto per capita con medicamentos, así como el promedio y mediana del gasto de municipios por Región y por categoría de tamaño de población. El coeficiente de Spearman fue calculado para algunas variables definidas. El análisis estadístico incluyó pruebas de normalidad para los datos y de comparación múltiple para diferencias entre grupos. RESULTADOS: En 2009 el valor total liquidado para la adquisición de medicamentos por las tres esferas de gobierno en el Sistema Único de Salud fue de US$ 4,9 billones. Estados y el Distrito Federal fueron los principales ejecutores, siendo responsables por 47,1% del valor total liquidado en el Sistema Único de Salud. Algunos estados tuvieron gasto per capita muy por encima del promedio (US$ 12,15 hab/año) y de la mediana (US$ 9,39 hab/año). Hubo diferencia en el gasto de municipios por región y se observó que el promedio del gasto per capita de los que tienen hasta 5 mil habitantes fue 3,9 veces mayor que el de los municipios con más de 500 mil habitantes. Municipios con hasta 10 mil habitantes tuvieron un gasto per capita mayor que los demás municipios. CONCLUSIONES: Aspectos económicos tales como escala de adquisición de medicamentos y poder de negociación pueden explicar las diferencias de gasto per capita entre los entes federados, especialmente los municipios. El estudio resalta las ineficiencias en las aplicaciones de recursos financieros para la adquisición de medicamentos en el Sistema Único de Salud. ; OBJETIVO: Analisar a aplicação direta de recursos financeiros pelos entes federados para a aquisição de medicamentos no Sistema Único de Saúde. MÉTODOS: Foram levantados os valores alocados em aplicações diretas para a aquisição de medicamentos no ano de 2009 em dois sistemas de informação: Siga Brasil do Senado Federal (para a União) e Sistema de Informações sobre Orçamentos Públicos em Saúde (para estados, Distrito Federal e municípios). Calculou-se o gasto per capita com medicamentos, além da média e mediana do gasto de municípios por região e por categoria de tamanho de população. O coeficiente de Spearman foi calculado para algumas variáveis definidas. A análise estatística incluiu testes de normalidade para os dados e de comparação múltipla para diferenças entre grupos. RESULTADOS: Em 2009 o valor total liquidado para a aquisição de medicamentos pelas três esferas de governo foi de R$ 8,9 bilhões. Estados e o Distrito Federal foram os principais executores, sendo responsáveis por 47,1% do valor total liquidado no Sistema Único de Saúde. Alguns estados tiveram gasto per capita muito acima da média (R$ 22,00 hab/ano) e da mediana (R$ 17,00 hab/ano). Houve diferença no gasto de municípios por região e observou-se que a média do gasto per capita dos que têm até 5 mil habitantes foi 3,9 vezes maior que dos municípios com mais de 500 mil habitantes. Municípios com até 10 mil habitantes tiveram gasto per capita maior que os demais municípios. CONCLUSÕES: Aspectos econômicos, tais como escala da aquisição de medicamentos e poder de negociação, podem explicar as diferenças de gasto per capita entre os entes federados, especialmente os municípios. O estudo sinaliza para ineficiências nas aplicações de recursos financeiros para a aquisição de medicamentos no Sistema Único de Saúde. ; OBJECTIVE: To analyze resource allocation for pharmaceutical procurement by federative entities in the Brazilian Unified Health System. METHODS: The amounts allocated to purchase pharmaceuticals during 2009 in two information systems were analyzed: Siga Brasil (Follow Brazil) for national data and Sistema de Informações sobre Orçamentos Públicos em Saúde (Information System on Public Health Budgets) for states, the Federal District and municipalities data. Per capita spending and the mean and median spending were calculated by municipalities, according to region and population size. The Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated for some variables. The statistical analysis included tests of normality and multiple comparisons for differences between groups. RESULTS: In 2009 the total amount spent by the three spheres of government for purchase of medicines was approximately R$ 8.9 billion. States and the Federal District were the main players, accounting for 47.1% of the total amount spent in the health system. Some states had per capita spending well above the mean (R$ 22.00 per resident/year) and the median (R$ 17.00 per resident/year). There were differences in municipal spending by region. The mean per capita expenditure of municipalities with less than 5,000 residents was 3.9 times that of municipalities with over 500,000 residents. Municipalities with less than 10,000 residents had higher per capita spending than other municipalities. CONCLUSIONS: Economic aspects such as the scale of procurement and bargaining power may explain differences in per capita spending between federal entities, especially among municipalities. The study indicates inefficiencies in the use of financial resources to procure medicines in the Brazilian Unified Health System.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: The health technology assessment (HTA) process has been developed locally. The aim of this study was to describe, analyze and compare the opinions of participants in international health economics symposia about the HTA process used in Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: Observational cross-sectional study at the 2006 and 2008 International Health Economics Symposia, in São Paulo. METHODS: A structured questionnaire was applied. For the statistical analysis, the percentage distribution for each category was calculated, and variables were compared using tests for two-sample proportion hypotheses. RESULTS: Totals of 153 and 74 participants answered the 2006 and 2008 surveys, respectively. The response rate was better for the 2006 survey (67.1%) than for the 2008 survey (31.8%). Most interviewees were between the ages of 30 and 49 years and were managers in the healthcare system. Most of them considered that the current HTA process was incomplete and unable to meet the needs of the healthcare system. They mentioned the government, academia and experts as the three main groups of people who should be involved in the process, and selected efficiency/effectiveness, safety and disease relevance as the three main criteria to be considered in the HTA process. There is a trend towards developing decentralized regionalized HTA processes, with separate assessment and decision-making for the public and private systems. CONCLUSIONS: The HTA concept is well known. Healthcare system players feel that the process has methodological limitations. Additional surveys are needed to track the HTA process and its application in Brazil. ; CONTEXTO E OBJETIVOS: O processo de avaliação de tecnologias em saúde (ATS) tem sido desenvolvido localmente. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever, analisar e comparar as opiniões dos participantes dos simpósios internacionais de economia da saúde sobre o processo de ATS utilizado no Brasil. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo observacional transversal, realizado nos Simpósios Internacionais de Economia da Saúde de 2006 e 2008, em São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Um questionário estruturado foi aplicado. A análise estatística calculou a distribuição percentual de cada categoria e comparou as variáveis com teste de hipóteses de proporções de duas amostras. RESULTADOS: Um total de 153 e 74 participantes responderam às pesquisas de 2006 e 2008, respectivamente. A taxa de resposta foi melhor na pesquisa de 2006 (67,1%) do que na pesquisa de 2008 (31,8%). A maioria dos entrevistados estava entre 30 e 49 anos e era composta de gestores do sistema de saúde. A maioria considerou o atual processo de ATS incompleto e incapaz de satisfazer as necessidades do sistema de saúde. Entrevistados mencionaram o governo, academia e especialistas como os três principais grupos de pessoas que deveriam estar envolvidos no processo, e eficiência/efetividade, segurança e relevância da doença como os três principais critérios a serem considerados no processo de ATS. Existe a tendência de desenvolvimento de um processo de ATS descentralizado e regionalizado com avaliações e decisões separadas para o sistema público e privado. CONCLUSÕES: O conceito ATS é conhecido. Os atores do sistema de saúde acham que o processo tem limitações metodológicas. Pesquisas adicionais são necessárias para acompanhar o processo de ATS e sua aplicação no Brasil. ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Department of Medicine ; Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Department of Preventive Medicine ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina ; UNIFESP, EPM, Department of Medicine ; UNIFESP, EPM ; SciELO

The modernization of health institutions is one of the biggest trends of our time. Part of the 4th industrial revolution, the Internet of Things, that allows a more personalized care and greater appreciation for the patient, can be a reality that is in the process of being consolidated worldwide. In Brazil, through the promulgation of decree number 9.854 of June 26th of 2019, the democratization and popularization of these technologies have started. This integrative review intends to verify the introduction of IoTs in the Brazilian scenario by investigating the potential as well as the weaknesses of this new technology. The research suggests that IoTs are a unique content that may improve productivity and process efficiencies but are still permeated by caveats that indicate system deficiencies and the need of further studies.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the public expenditures of states on health care and the participation of states and the Federal District in financing the Unified Health System, better known by the acronym SUS. To develop the research, two targets were used: "to rescue expenses per government source (federal, state and municipal) during the period from 2002 to 2013" and "to rescue resource transfers from the federal SUS to the states and also to municipalities". METHODS: This research is bibliographic, documentary and descriptive and used a quantitative approach. Data were extracted from the Information System Public Health Budget, and additional data were collected from the public managers of states, municipalities and the Federal District during the period from 2002 to 2013. Federal data from the Undersecretary of Planning and Budget (originally extracted from the Integrated System of Financial Administration of the Federal Government and available on the Budget Public Health System webpage) were also collected. RESULTS: The data revealed that during the same researched period, the Federal District has maintained the health care system budget, whereas states and municipalities have increased their budgets for the same spending. CONCLUSIONS: By analyzing the results, there is clearly a disparity regarding the investment expended by the entities of the Federation. Although municipalities and states have gradually increased their application of resources to health care, the federal state has maintained the same budget. These results reveal a bit of concern about public health funding.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the public expenditures of states on health care and the participation of states and the Federal District in financing the Unified Health System, better known by the acronym SUS. To develop the research, two targets were used: to rescue expenses per government source (federal, state and municipal) during the period from 2002 to 2013'' and to rescue resource transfers from the federal SUS to the states and also to municipalities''.METHODS: This research is bibliographic, documentary and descriptive and used a quantitative approach. Data were extracted from the Information System Public Health Budget, and additional data were collected from the public managers of states, municipalities and the Federal District during the period from 2002 to 2013. Federal data from the Undersecretary of Planning and Budget (originally extracted from the Integrated System of Financial Administration of the Federal Government and available on the Budget Public Health System webpage) were also collected.RESULTS: the data revealed that during the same researched period, the Federal District has maintained the health care system budget, whereas states and municipalities have increased their budgets for the same spending.CONCLUSIONS: By analyzing the results, there is clearly a disparity regarding the investment expended by the entities of the Federation. Although municipalities and states have gradually increased their application of resources to health care, the federal state has maintained the same budget. These results reveal a bit of concern about public health funding. ; Fed Univ São Paulo UNIFESP, Hlth Econ Interdept Grp, São Paulo, SP, Brazil ; Fed Univ São Paulo UNIFESP, Hlth Econ Interdept Grp, São Paulo, SP, Brazil ; Web of Science

OBJETIVO : Analizar el papel de la defensoría y su contribución para la gestión de la salud pública según usuarios de sistema de Salud y de consejeros municipales de salud. MÉTODOS : Investigación cualitativa, estudio de caso, descriptivo y transversal. La unidad de análisis fue una defensoría de salud, localizada en municipio del estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, de mayo a agosto de 2010. El estudio fue de naturaleza observacional con datos colectados en entrevistas con dos grupos de stakeholders: usuarios y consejeros de salud. Se entrevistaron 44 usuarios del Sistema Único de Salud que registraron manifestaciones presenciales en la defensoría y todos los 20 consejeros del municipio. Las informaciones obtenidas fueron analizadas con base en tres aspectos: (1) naturaleza de las informaciones obtenidas; (2) discusión sobre subsidios para cualificar el funcionamiento de la defensoría como herramienta de gestión; (3) proposición de acciones para el mejoramiento de la gestión democrática en el campo de la salud pública. RESULTADOS : Las demandas reportadas en la defensoría indicaron dificultad de acceso a las acciones y servicios de salud, corriendo el riesgo de ser percibidas como atajos para la obtención de accesibilidad, desconsiderando el principio de la justicia social. La actuación de la defensoría contó con la aprobación de los ciudadanos. Los usuarios relataron como principales funciones de la defensoría: ayudar a solucionar problemas de salud y oír y aclarar el funcionamiento del Sistema Único de Salud. La información fue enfatizada por los consejeros de salud como instrumento de poder y de acceso a los derechos de los usuarios del Sistema Único de Salud. Destacaron que la defensoría tiene como tarea garantizar justicia en la efectividad de la política de salud y que desempeña importante papel de mediación entre el Consejo de Salud, los ciudadanos y los gestores del sistema municipal de salud. Aunado a eso, atribuyeron a la defensoría carácter ejecutivo que usualmente ella no abriga. CONCLUSIONES : La defensoría es una importante herramienta de gestión y actúa en la fiscalización del funcionamiento del sistema de salud. La implantación de la defensoría es un avance en el campo de la gestión democrática. Existen desafíos a ser superados para que las defensorías contribuyan en la ejecución de las políticas de salud y representen a los ciudadanos en la garantía del derecho a la salud. ; OBJECTIVE : To analyze the role of a Municipal Health Ombudsman and its contribution to the public health management from the perspective of the public health system users and the municipal health counselors. METHODS : Qualitative research approach using the case study, descriptive and transversal methods. The unit of analysis was a Municipal Health Ombudsman, in the state of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil, between May and August 2010. The study was observational in nature and data were collected through interviews with two groups of stakeholders: users and municipal health counselors. We interviewed 44 Brazilian Unified Health System users who had made direct use of the Municipal Health Ombudsman and all 20 municipal health counselors. The data obtained were analyzed based on three issues: (1) nature of the data obtained; (2) discussion of subsidies to qualify the ombudsman's functioning as a management tool; (3) proposals for actions to improve democratic management in the area of public health. RESULTS : The complaints to the ombudsman denoted difficulties in access to health care services running the risk of their being perceived as shortcuts to gaining accessibility, disregarding the principle of social justice. The role of the ombudsman has the citizens' approval. Users reported the following main functions of the ombudsman: to support the resolution of health problems, to listen and to clarify issues regarding Brazilian Unified Health System operations and procedures. Information was emphasized by health counselors as an instrument of power and access to the rights of Brazilian Unified Health System users. They highlighted that the ombudsman has the role of ensuring justice to foster an effective health policy, besides playing an important mediating role between the board of the municipal health system, its managers and citizens. Furthermore, the ombudsman was shown to have an execution role that transcends its regular functions. CONCLUSIONS : The study found that the ombudsman is a key management tool in monitoring the health care system. Therefore, the establishment of the ombudsman is an advance in the field of democratic management. Nevertheless, there are challenges to be overcome in order to improve ombudsman contribution to the execution of health policies and representing citizens in ensuring their rights to health care. ; OBJETIVO : Analisar o papel da ouvidoria e sua contribuição para a gestão da saúde pública segundo usuários de sistema de Saúde e de conselheiros municipais de saúde. MÉTODOS : Pesquisa qualitativa, estudo de caso, descritivo e transversal. A unidade de análise foi uma ouvidoria de saúde, localizada em município do estado de Minas Gerais, de maio a agosto de 2010. O estudo foi de natureza observacional com dados coletados em entrevistas com dois grupos de stakeholders: usuários e conselheiros de saúde. Foram entrevistados 44 usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde que registraram manifestações presenciais na ouvidoria e todos os 20 conselheiros do município. As informações obtidas foram analisadas com base em três questões: (1) natureza das informações obtidas; (2) discussão sobre subsídios para qualificar o funcionamento da ouvidoria como ferramenta de gestão; (3) proposição de ações para o aprimoramento da gestão democrática no campo da saúde pública. RESULTADOS : As demandas reportadas à ouvidoria indicaram dificuldade de acesso às ações e serviços de saúde, correndo o risco de serem percebidas como atalhos para obtenção de acessibilidade, desconsiderando o princípio da justiça social. A atuação da ouvidoria contou com a aprovação dos cidadãos. Os usuários relataram como principais funções da ouvidoria: ajudar a solucionar problemas de saúde e ouvir e esclarecer sobre o funcionamento do Sistema Único de Saúde. A informação foi enfatizada pelos conselheiros de saúde como instrumento de poder e de acesso aos direitos dos usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde. Destacaram que a ouvidoria tem como tarefa garantir justiça na efetivação da política de saúde e que desempenha importante papel de mediação entre o Conselho de Saúde, os cidadãos e os gestores do sistema municipal de saúde. Além disso, atribuíram à ouvidoria caráter executivo que usualmente ela não abriga. CONCLUSÕES : A ouvidoria é uma importante ferramenta de gestão e atua na fiscalização do funcionamento do sistema de saúde. A implantação da ouvidoria é um avanço no campo da gestão democrática. Existem desafios a serem superados para que as ouvidorias contribuam para a execução das políticas de saúde e representem os cidadãos na garantia do direito à saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether health councils in Brazil carry out permanent education activities for municipal, state and federal district councilors. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study with secondary data collection in the Health Council Monitoring System (Sistema de Acompanhamento dos Conselhos de Sau´ de – Siacs) from May to August 2017. The Siacs is publicly accessible and available on the internet. It provides data from thousands of health councils throughout Brazil. Analysis and interpretation of the data were based on the literature and the enacted legislation, particularly Resolution 453/2012 and the National Policy of Permanent Education for Social Control in the Unified Health System (Polı´tica Nacional de Educac¸a˜o Permanente para o Controle Social no Sistema U´ nico de Sau´ de). RESULTS: Despite the fact that Resolution 453/2012 establishes the deliberation, elaboration, support and promotion of permanent education for social control as functions of the councils (in accordance with the guidelines of the National Policy of Permanent Education), approximately 40% of councils do not carry out permanent education. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to strengthen the role of health councils in the elaboration of educational initiatives across the national territory. This includes the allocation of financial resources to increase access to and participation in these initiatives, which would strengthen social control in the Unified Health System. This study emphasizes that the discussion of permanent education is not given sufficient attention in the agendas and routines of health councils. This compromises the effectiveness of councils' monitoring and deliberation of public health policy.

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether health councils in Brazil carry out permanent education activities for municipal, state and federal district councilors. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study with secondary data collection in the Health Council Monitoring System (Sistema de Acompanhamento dos Conselhos de Saúde - Siacs) from May to August 2017. The Siacs is publicly accessible and available on the internet. It provides data from thousands of health councils throughout Brazil. Analysis and interpretation of the data were based on the literature and the enacted legislation, particularly Resolution 453/2012 and the National Policy of Permanent Education for Social Control in the Unified Health System (Política Nacional de Educação Permanente para o Controle Social no Sistema Único de Saúde). RESULTS: Despite the fact that Resolution 453/2012 establishes the deliberation, elaboration, support and promotion of permanent education for social control as functions of the councils (in accordance with the guidelines of the National Policy of Permanent Education), approximately 40% of councils do not carry out permanent education. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to strengthen the role of health councils in the elaboration of educational initiatives across the national territory. This includes the allocation of financial resources to increase access to and participation in these initiatives, which would strengthen social control in the Unified Health System. This study emphasizes that the discussion of permanent education is not given sufficient attention in the agendas and routines of health councils. This compromises the effectiveness of councils' monitoring and deliberation of public health policy.