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An important question in this paper is how is paradigm construction of critical theological thought. To understand its construction, this paper shows paradigm shifting of thought of Islamic theology since classic era to contemporary. The shifting is since Khawarij growth that discuss about big sin, unbeliever, believer, heaven, and hell. Now, theological thought had grown and entered in various scientific paradigm. These themes are very variational too, even new thing that is nothing before. Critical theological thoughts belong to paradigms or new world views that is important for contemporary era. Critical theological thought in Indonesia had been stated by critical intelectuals such as Abdurrahman Wahid, Muslim Abdurrahman, Masdar F. Mas'udi, and Kuntowijoyo. Paradigm of critical Islamic theology is an emancipatory thought on modern culture and society, for example critique of economics, politics, and structure. This thought starts from reaction of unjust social system. This thought starts from point of suffering in praxis. Its objective is to build social structure that freed human being from every oppression. Critical theological thought did not separate theory and practice, knowledge and action, theoritical rationality and practical rationality. This thought reflects critically something practice in historical sosial life.

Fanatic is a term used to refer to a belief or a view of something positive or negative, which view does not have a theoretical backing or a foundation of reality, but is profoundly embraced so that it is difficult to straighten or change. The root problem of this discussion is the fanatical attitude of religious people, and the low level of understanding of religion, because they only see an event from a narrow perspective without seeing the consequences of what is caused. The weak self-confidence of adherents of religion to the teachings of religion that have been adopted since he was in a family environment, so easily influenced by the factors of fanaticism. As a believer in an individual religion must have a firm belief in the religion he has adopted and has been deemed correct according to the Act of government. The aim of the author to raise this phenomenon is to describe the mindset of an individual who is fanaticism-oriented, would this attitude undermine social interaction, or even fanaticism is a phenomenon that is mushrooming in the future.

Indonesia's natural resources which are very strategic and have an important role on the national economy include natural resources in the form of oil and natural gas which must be used as much as possible for the prosperity of the people of Indonesia. This is confirmed in Article 33 paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia which states that the earth, water and natural resources contained therein are controlled by the state and used for the greatest prosperity of the people. Potential oil reserves in border areas should be given a special share of the results of oil and gas management so that development in the border region is quickly encouraged to match the development of urban areas. Current regulations in the field of oil and gas management (Law Number 22 Year 2001 concerning Oil and Gas) are very liberal and are very far from the mandate of the 1945 Constitution which requires the prosperity of the people. In the implementation of state control over oil and gas management in border areas, the policy aspects can be as follows: Regulation (Regeleensdaad), Management (Bestuurdaad), Management (Behersdaad), and Supervision (Toezicthoudensdaad), Decision / stipulation (Beschikking). This research is a normative legal research that specifically examines the laws and regulations governing natural resource management in Indonesia, with the aim of finding out how the state is responsible for oil and gas management in border areas. The results showed that the results of the management of oil and gas mining managed by business actors in general, and foreign investment companies in particular benefit the company more than the people's welfare. Foreign domination in the exploitation of national energy, especially oil, is due to unfavorable work contracts, weak energy security vision designed by the government, institutional integration in upstream and downstream management, regulations are still ad-hoc and planning is weak, weak control system and good governance (good governance) in the energy sector.

The purpose of this research is to discuss the Circular Letter of Aceh's Governor (ad interim) number: 450/21770/2019 concerning "the prohibition of holding recitation other than the i'tiqad Ahlu Sunnah wal Jama'ah which caused controvercy and turmoil of religious life in Aceh because it only allows one understanding of fiqih and prohibits others. This is a normative / doctrinal research using a content analysis approach. The results show that the Aceh Government regulations contained in Circular Letter Number: 450/21770/2019 have brought negative precedents for religious harmony in Aceh, especially the freedom to understand and carry out the understanding of Islam in various madhhab.

This article aims to investigate the history curriculum policy of senior high school during the Sukarno era. The method used is qualitative research by using the historical approach. Also, this research used document study as the primary method. A document study was conducted to both the primary and secondary sources for the source triangulation. Additionally, the complementary approach used interviews with several practitioners and academics, including the practitioners of the Indonesia history curriculum. Data analysis used an interactive analysis model. The results show that during 1945-1951, the history curriculum of senior high school still used AMS (Algemene Middelbare School) curriculum as the inheritance from the Dutch Indies era, so it is directed to the political policy, and the materials are clearly oriented to politics, doctrine, national ideology. The philosophical foundation of history curriculum policy in senior high school during the Sukarno Era is based on Pancasila and UUD 1945. But its implementation refers to government politics and essentialism and perennialism philosophy. The position of history subject in senior high school during the Sukarno era has a strategic role in creating historical awareness and nationalism. However, Manipol USDEK indoctrination was very visible.  Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki kebijakan kurikulum sejarah SMA pada era Sukarno. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan sejarah. Selain itu, penelitian ini menggunakan studi dokumen sebagai metode utama. Studi dokumen dilakukan pada sumber primer dan sekunder untuk triangulasi sumber. Selain itu, pendekatan komplementer menggunakan wawancara dengan beberapa praktisi dan akademisi, termasuk praktisi kurikulum sejarah Indonesia. Analisis data menggunakan model analisis interaktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa selama tahun 1945-1951, kurikulum sejarah sekolah menengah atas masih menggunakan kurikulum AMS (Algemene Middelbare School) sebagai warisan dari jaman Hindia Belanda, sehingga mengarah pada kebijakan politik, dan materi yang jelas berorientasi pada politik, doktrin, ideologi nasional. Landasan filosofis kebijakan kurikulum sejarah di Sekolah Menengah Atas pada masa Sukarno berpijak pada Pancasila dan UUD 1945. Namun implementasinya mengacu pada filosofi politik pemerintahan dan esensialisme dan perenialisme. Kedudukan mata pelajaran sejarah di sekolah menengah atas pada era Soekarno memiliki peran strategis dalam menciptakan kesadaran sejarah dan nasionalisme. Namun, indoktrinasi Manipol USDEK sangat terlihat.Â

The position of Pancasila as a staatsfundamentalnorm and Pancasila as an ideology is verymandatory to be instilled and implied specifically to the State elite from both the political andeconomic aspects of the nation and state. The problem is whether Pancasila is able toovercome the problems of the nation at this time. The method used is the Normative andEmpirical Juridical approach. Data is sourced from library studies and field studies. Dataanalysis was carried out qualitatively. The results of the study show that Pancasila as a stateideology is still very capable of overcoming the problems of the nation today, including aproblem that is tentative with the political elite in its existence for the welfare of the nationand state both in terms of politics, development and the economy. To construct it is verynecessary to do methods that include: 1) Development of state politics to maintain theintegrity and sustainability of the nation, 2) Developing the content of Pancasila in thenational education system and 3) Establishment of a special body for the formulation andcivilization of Pancasila

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: kebijakan kurikulum sejarah Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) pada masa Orde Lama. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan historis. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi dokumen sebagai metode utama. Studi dokumen dilakukan terhadap sumber-sumber primer maupun sekunder untuk keperluan triangulasi sumber. Selain studi dokumen, penelitian ini juga menggunakan metode wawancara sebagai metode pelengkap. Wawancara dilakukan terhadap beberapa praktisi dan akademisi pendidikan termasuk di dalamnya praktisi kurikulum sejarah Indonesia. Analisis data menggunakan model analisis interaktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) selama kurun waktu 1945-1951, kurikulum sejarah SMA masih menggunakan kurikulum AMS(Algemene Middelbare School) yang merupakan kurikulum warisan zaman Hindia Belanda. Sedangkan kebijakan pemerintah terhadap kurikulum sejarah masa pemerintahan Orde Lama, lebih mengarah pada kebijakan politik, dan dengan jelas orientasi materi lebih banyak mengarah pada doktrin politik, ideologi bangsa, begitu juga dengan orde baru. Berbeda dengan Oral dan Orba, kurikulum sejarah pada massa reformasi di mana kajiannya adalah kurikulum 1994 suplemen GBPP 1999,kurikulum 2004,2006 dan kurikulum 2013, selain menempatkan mata pelajaran sejarah pada kelompok mata pelajaran wajib serta peminatan, mata pelajaran sejarah diberikan porsi lebih dibandingkan porsi pembelajaran pada kurikulum 2004. Penambahan jam pelajaran tersebut bertujuan agar guru memiliki waktu yang lebih leluasa untuk mengelola dan mengembangkan proses pembelajaran yang berorientasi pada pengembangan sikap spiritual, sosial, pengetahuan, dan keterampilan peserta didik. Kata kunci: kebijakan, kurikulum sejarah masa reformasi, SMA

Para pengambil kebijakan sering kali tidak menyadari efek dari sebuah keputusan penting dan strategis yang diambilnya di bidang pendidikan, terutama kebijakan pemerintah dalam melakukan perubahan terhadap kurikulum. Arti pentingnya filosofi dalam suatu pengembangan kurikulum didasari atas keyakinannya bahwa pendidikan adalah sebuah proses pengembangan potensi peserta didik. Filosofi pengembangan kurikulum yang dijadikan pijakan oleh pemerintah dalam hal ini kementerian pendidikan sangat berpengaruh dalam menentukan arah perkembangan aspek-aspek yang berhubungan dengan kebijakan kurikulum pendidikan. Aspek-aspek tersebut meliputi: tujuan, materi, proses, dan evaluasi hasil belajar, dalam pengembangan kurikulum, Pancasila sebagai filosofi pendidikan tertinggi yang diadopsi dari agama dan kebudayaan lokal serta nasional perlu terpatri dalam sanubari bagi setiap warga, termasuk di dalamnya para peserta didik Pada massa orde lama filosofis dan praktik-praktik pendidikan sarat dengan muatan politis dan doktrin idiologis,hal ini disebabkanb oleh beberapa hal diantaranya secara formal sebenarnya Indonesia baru mempuyai undang undang pendidikan nasional pada tahun 1950. Para pengambil kebijakan lebih banyak disibukkan pada hal hal yang berhubungan dengan konstitusi kenegaraan, mereka lupa bahwa ketika Indonesia merdeka seharusnya perdebatan utama justru pada tataran filosofi pendidikan. Oleh karenanya, 5 tahun setelah Indonesia merdeka tepatya pada tahun 1950, barulah Indonesia memiliki Undang-Undang Sistem Pendidikan nasional.

Implementation of ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) in December 2015 brings the impact and substantial changes to the management of higher education, especially Postgraduate Program of University of Riau. Even though the development of a postgraduate study program is a demand, but in practice must refer to the Law on Higher Education and the Regulation of the Minister concerned. The government with all of its authorities restructures the higher education system to avoid implementation of higher education institution that does not comply with applicable regulations. The most principle aspects in the development and management of studies program at the University of Riau are associated to (a) the development of educational infrastructures and facilities (b) home-base lecturers (c) curriculum, and (d) the achievement of accreditation. The competition appeared between public and private university has become an open competition, including with other universities abroad. Students can choose a study program based on qualifications and reputation earned by each institution without distinguishing public or private, domestic or foreign university. The open competition will bring a real impact on the university's existence in the future. Policy of development and establishment of study program has to be done by comprehensive evaluation because reputation and competency of graduates are not enough with the educational process, but it should also establish cooperation with abroad institutions that can raise its rating and existence as a provider of qualified higher education. Therefore, various conditions relating to the educational process, quality, recognition of the business world and others should be a forward concern.

This study aims to find out what caused the implementation of Self-Help Housing Stimulant Assistance Policy in South Parigi District has not been effective. The research type of this study was descriptive qualitative research. The types of data used in this study were primary and secondary data. Those data were collected by means of observations, interviews, documentations, and triangulations. Informant sampling method used in this study was purposive sampling technique. The data analysis used in this study was the Miles and Huberman model, i.e. data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The theory used in this study was the theory of van Meter and van Horn, consisting of 6 (six) aspects: the basic measures and policy objectives, policy resources, interagency and inter-implementation communications, characteristics of the implementing agencies, and economic, social, and political conditions, as well as tendencies of the implementers. The results show that the implementation of Self-Help Housing Stimulant Assistance Policy in South Parigi District has not been effective: First, the communication aspect: socializations were done only when the meetings, those were not done on the KPB level resulting public ignorance about the basic measures and policy goals. In addition, the interagency coordination has not been maximal. Second, the characteristics of implementing agencies aspect: the sanctions given by the Department of Public Works and Public Housing of Parigi Moutong Regency on the violating parties were not strict, so as the awareness of the facilitators, the third parties, and the society were not awakened which in turn made the policy implementers not responsible for the policy implementation. Third, the tendencies of the implementers: an attitude that is not considered responsible and transparent, because it provides opportunities for certain parties to collect levies without clear designations and to do dereliction of duty and responsibility so that the distributions of building materials were delayed. Thus, the researcher concludes that policy implementation Self-Help Housing Stimulant Assistance Policy in South Parigi District was not maximal, because only three (3) aspects are met: the basic measures and policy objectives, policy resources, and economic, social, and political conditions. While, other aspects were not maximal: interagency and inter-implementation communications, characteristics of the implementing agencies, and tendencies of the implementers.

Keinginan politik untuk melakukan perubahan atau amandemen UUD 1945 di era reformasi dilatarbelakangi oleh -pengalaman sejarah masa lalu, baik masa Orde Lama (1959-1966) maupun pada masa Orde Baru (1966-1998). Bila kita kaji secara detail dan mendalam, dapat dikatakan bahwa UUD 1945 memang dibuat dalam keadaan tergesa-gesa, sehingga mengandung segi-segi kelemahan, yang memungkinkan munculnya pemerintahan yang diktator. Konstitusi ketatanegaraan Indonesia sebelum amandemen memberikan titik berat kekuasaan kepada Presiden. Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, meskipun disebut sebagai pelaksana kedaulatan rakyat dan penjelmaan seluruh rakyat, dalam kenyataannya susunan dan kedudukannya sepenuhnya di bawah kendali presiden.Keinginan untuk menata ulang kedudukan lembaga-lembaga negara agar tercipta check and balances juga terasa begitu kuatnya. Demikian pula keinginan untuk memperjuangkan tegaknya hukum dan pengakuan serta perlindungan terhadap hak asasi manusia. Keinginan untuk memberikan perhatian yang lebih besar kepada daerah-daerah juga demikian menguat, sehingga kewenangan-kewenangan Pemerintah Daerah juga perlu diperkuat untuk mencegah terjadinya disintegrasi Bangsa. Kata Kunci: Reformulasi, Tatanegara, Indonesia.

Keinginan politik untuk melakukan perubahan atau amandemen UUD 1945 di era reformasi dilatarbelakangi oleh -pengalaman sejarah masa lalu, baik masa Orde Lama (1959-1966) maupun pada masa Orde Baru (1966-1998). Bila kita kaji secara detail dan mendalam, dapat dikatakan bahwa UUD 1945 memang dibuat dalam keadaan tergesa-gesa, sehingga mengandung segi-segi kelemahan, yang memungkinkan munculnya pemerintahan yang diktator. Konstitusi ketatanegaraan Indonesia sebelum amandemen memberikan titik berat kekuasaan kepada Presiden. Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, meskipun disebut sebagai pelaksana kedaulatan rakyat dan penjelmaan seluruh rakyat, dalam kenyataannya susunan dan kedudukannya sepenuhnya di bawah kendali presiden.Keinginan untuk menata ulang kedudukan lembaga-lembaga negara agar tercipta check and balances juga terasa begitu kuatnya. Demikian pula keinginan untuk memperjuangkan tegaknya hukum dan pengakuan serta perlindungan terhadap hak asasi manusia. Keinginan untuk memberikan perhatian yang lebih besar kepada daerah-daerah juga demikian menguat, sehingga kewenangan-kewenangan Pemerintah Daerah juga perlu diperkuat untuk mencegah terjadinya disintegrasi Bangsa. Kata Kunci: Reformulasi, Tatanegara, Indonesia.

Global communication is one of the emerging forces today. Its presence has influenced various aspects of life such as politics, economics, culture, military and so on. Policies and regulations that run in the international course is inseparable from the role of communication globally. An interesting issue to be discussed is how the position of the Islamic world to confront the issue of global communication, what is the role played by Islam in the global communications arena, as well as what to do in an effort to make Islam can play a signifcant role in the global communication?This research reveal that Islam does not have a signifcant position. Similar to the third world countries in general. They are just as many countries that rely on information provided by the West, especially the United States. In terms of the communication media, usually third world countries, including Islam, just as consumers felt that their utilization is not maximized by all citizens. Moreover, a producer in creating the communications media, it's too much to hope for. The Implications arising from the position of Islam as it is, in the global communication course, does not have the power to play a signifcant role. The presence of Islam in the new global communications limited discourse that has great potential to rise. Media are widely used by Iran in building its revolution as expressed by Majid Tehranian in his book Global Communication and World Politics has not given a role in the global arena. Likewise, news agencies that exist in the Arab countries have not been able to become a major supplier of news among the Muslim community and the world community

Tulisan ini menjelaskan bahwa sistem tanam paksa adalah politik imprialisme terhadap tanah jajahan yang dianggap sebagai politik tidak bermoral, tidak humanis, dan tidak dapat dibenarkan dalam situasi apapun. Agar tidak salah kaprah ada baiknya kita perlu memahami perbedaan antara sistem itu sendiri yang dianggap tidak dapat dibenarkan, dengan dampak penerapan tanam paksa secara konkret bagi masyarakat Indonesia khususnya di pulau Jawa. Para peneliti sejarah juga berpendapat bahwa tanam paksa adalah sistem yang revolusioner dan merupakan cikal bakal perubahan tradisi di masyarakat Jawa. Sistem ini bermanfaat karena ekonomi uang telah masuk ke desa-desa, yang kemudian menjadi penggerak roda perekonomian, tenaga buruh menjadi murah dan masyarakat pedesaan mengenal sistem permodalan sehingga terjadi perubahan pola transaksi dari pola transaksi tradisional ke arah pengembangan ekonomi moneter. Sementara penelitian tentang sistem ekonomi masa VOC menunjukkan bahwa proses moneterisasi sesungguhnya telah muncul dalam masyarakat Jawa pada masa VOC. Kata kunci : Dampak, Penerapan, Tanam Paksa.

Corak gerakan dan pemikiran keislaman di Indonesia merupakan hasil dari dialektika antara pemahaman teks-teks keagamaan dengan realitas sosial, politik dan kebudayaan, yang dijembatani oleh seperangkat kerangka epistemologis tertentu. Berdasarkan kajian terhadap perkembangan studi keislaman berbasis organisasi keagamaan di Indonesia seperti NU dan Muhammadiyah sebagai organisasi masyarakat islam terbesar di Indonesia, dapat diketahui adanya kecenderungan pada dinamika pemikiran ormas islam yang tidak monolitik. Sebagai akibat dari perbedaan paradigma dan responsi atas keadaan yang selalu mengalami perubahan (dinamis)