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Bovine hypodermosis (warble fly infestation) is a disease of cattle caused by flies whose larvae specifically parasitize cattle. This disease limits growth and milk production and seriously affects animal health. The results of studies conducted by INRAE and its partners have greatly contributed to the implementation of a program to eradicate hypodermosis in France. The disease has been totally under control since 2000.Bovine hypodermosis is caused by Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum, non-biting flies, whose larvae specifically parasitize cattle. They cross the skin, migrate into deep tissues over several months, reach the dorsal subcutaneous tissue, where they cause abscesses, and finally pierce the skin of the animal migrating into the external environment.These parasites cause general immunosuppression, limiting the growth of young cattle and reducing milk production in cows. Further, they cause carcasses to be peeled at slaughter, produce serious damage to hides, and adversely affect animal welfare.In the 1980s, INRAE, together with Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse and other partners, conducted an ambitious research program, which sought to establish the epidemiology of Hypoderma species and identify a systematic treatment of animals without endangering consumers, breeders and animals. These essential conditions for implementing an effective strategy for controlling hypodermosis were achieved by administering a microdose of ivermectin and developing an immunodiagnosis that can be used on a very large scale with hypodermine C.Following proof of concept, achieved through the deployment of a bovine hypodermosis control plan in Brittany and then in Burgundy, the national control plan was gradually implemented throughout France by the Ministry of Agriculture and stakeholders. Within three years of implementation, the plan has led to control of this parasitic disease, and indeed to the disappearance of clinical cases of warble fly infestation. Thus, the outcome of studies conducted by INRAE and its ...

Bovine hypodermosis (warble fly infestation) is a disease of cattle caused by flies whose larvae specifically parasitize cattle. This disease limits growth and milk production and seriously affects animal health. The results of studies conducted by INRAE and its partners have greatly contributed to the implementation of a program to eradicate hypodermosis in France. The disease has been totally under control since 2000.Bovine hypodermosis is caused by Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum, non-biting flies, whose larvae specifically parasitize cattle. They cross the skin, migrate into deep tissues over several months, reach the dorsal subcutaneous tissue, where they cause abscesses, and finally pierce the skin of the animal migrating into the external environment.These parasites cause general immunosuppression, limiting the growth of young cattle and reducing milk production in cows. Further, they cause carcasses to be peeled at slaughter, produce serious damage to hides, and adversely affect animal welfare.In the 1980s, INRAE, together with Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse and other partners, conducted an ambitious research program, which sought to establish the epidemiology of Hypoderma species and identify a systematic treatment of animals without endangering consumers, breeders and animals. These essential conditions for implementing an effective strategy for controlling hypodermosis were achieved by administering a microdose of ivermectin and developing an immunodiagnosis that can be used on a very large scale with hypodermine C.Following proof of concept, achieved through the deployment of a bovine hypodermosis control plan in Brittany and then in Burgundy, the national control plan was gradually implemented throughout France by the Ministry of Agriculture and stakeholders. Within three years of implementation, the plan has led to control of this parasitic disease, and indeed to the disappearance of clinical cases of warble fly infestation. Thus, the outcome of studies conducted by INRAE and its ...

Bovine hypodermosis (warble fly infestation) is a disease of cattle caused by flies whose larvae specifically parasitize cattle. This disease limits growth and milk production and seriously affects animal health. The results of studies conducted by INRAE and its partners have greatly contributed to the implementation of a program to eradicate hypodermosis in France. The disease has been totally under control since 2000.Bovine hypodermosis is caused by Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum, non-biting flies, whose larvae specifically parasitize cattle. They cross the skin, migrate into deep tissues over several months, reach the dorsal subcutaneous tissue, where they cause abscesses, and finally pierce the skin of the animal migrating into the external environment.These parasites cause general immunosuppression, limiting the growth of young cattle and reducing milk production in cows. Further, they cause carcasses to be peeled at slaughter, produce serious damage to hides, and adversely affect animal welfare.In the 1980s, INRAE, together with Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse and other partners, conducted an ambitious research program, which sought to establish the epidemiology of Hypoderma species and identify a systematic treatment of animals without endangering consumers, breeders and animals. These essential conditions for implementing an effective strategy for controlling hypodermosis were achieved by administering a microdose of ivermectin and developing an immunodiagnosis that can be used on a very large scale with hypodermine C.Following proof of concept, achieved through the deployment of a bovine hypodermosis control plan in Brittany and then in Burgundy, the national control plan was gradually implemented throughout France by the Ministry of Agriculture and stakeholders. Within three years of implementation, the plan has led to control of this parasitic disease, and indeed to the disappearance of clinical cases of warble fly infestation. Thus, the outcome of studies conducted by INRAE and its ...

Les nématodes sont des vers appelés aussi helminthes, et les antiparasitaires vermifuges sont des anthelminthiques. L'ivermectine (IVM) est avec ses analogues actuellement le médicament le plus utilisé au monde pour traiter les nématodes gastro-intestinaux chez les animaux d'élevage. Elle est aussi largement utilisée en médecine humaine. Son efficacité à très faible dose, sa rémanence (durée d'action), son spectre d'action élargi (également acaricide et insecticide), et sa faible toxicité chez l'hôte (mammifère), font de l'IVM un antiparasitaire révolutionnaire au moment de son lancement sur le marché des médicaments vétérinaires dans les années 80. Pour mettre en œuvre les traitements anthelminthiques avec l'IVM, on peut recourir à trois formes galéniques (présentations) différentes : la solution injectable par voie sous-cutanée (SC) ; le « Pour-On » (PO), liquide destiné à être appliqué (versé) sur toute la longueur du dos de l'animal, et passant théoriquement dans l'organisme par voie transcutanée ; et le bolus, sorte de gros comprimé conçu pour diffuser de façon prolongée dans l'estomac des ruminants (rumen). L'INRA et l'ENVT ont étudié et documenté les expositions internes et les éliminations fécales en IVM associées à ces formes galéniques, car ces connaissances sont indispensables pour répondre à des enjeux de santé publique en anticipant d'éventuels problèmes de sûreté (hygiène) alimentaire pour le consommateur, de toxicité pour l'animal et pour l'environnement, et d'efficacité (résistance des parasites). Ce programme a été réalisé en collaboration avec l'Université Paul Valéry de Montpellier, l'Université de Melbourne (Australie) et, pour les recommandations d'évolution réglementaire (AMM), la FDA (USA). En termes d'impact politique, les travaux de l'INRA sur l'IVM et les publications internationales ont été déclencheurs pour prendre en compte l'écotoxicologie et le comportement social des animaux (le PO devient une quasi voie orale par effet léchage) pour l'évaluation réglementaire des médicaments. ...

Les nématodes sont des vers appelés aussi helminthes, et les antiparasitaires vermifuges sont des anthelminthiques. L'ivermectine (IVM) est avec ses analogues actuellement le médicament le plus utilisé au monde pour traiter les nématodes gastro-intestinaux chez les animaux d'élevage. Elle est aussi largement utilisée en médecine humaine. Son efficacité à très faible dose, sa rémanence (durée d'action), son spectre d'action élargi (également acaricide et insecticide), et sa faible toxicité chez l'hôte (mammifère), font de l'IVM un antiparasitaire révolutionnaire au moment de son lancement sur le marché des médicaments vétérinaires dans les années 80. Pour mettre en œuvre les traitements anthelminthiques avec l'IVM, on peut recourir à trois formes galéniques (présentations) différentes : la solution injectable par voie sous-cutanée (SC) ; le « Pour-On » (PO), liquide destiné à être appliqué (versé) sur toute la longueur du dos de l'animal, et passant théoriquement dans l'organisme par voie transcutanée ; et le bolus, sorte de gros comprimé conçu pour diffuser de façon prolongée dans l'estomac des ruminants (rumen). L'INRA et l'ENVT ont étudié et documenté les expositions internes et les éliminations fécales en IVM associées à ces formes galéniques, car ces connaissances sont indispensables pour répondre à des enjeux de santé publique en anticipant d'éventuels problèmes de sûreté (hygiène) alimentaire pour le consommateur, de toxicité pour l'animal et pour l'environnement, et d'efficacité (résistance des parasites). Ce programme a été réalisé en collaboration avec l'Université Paul Valéry de Montpellier, l'Université de Melbourne (Australie) et, pour les recommandations d'évolution réglementaire (AMM), la FDA (USA). En termes d'impact politique, les travaux de l'INRA sur l'IVM et les publications internationales ont été déclencheurs pour prendre en compte l'écotoxicologie et le comportement social des animaux (le PO devient une quasi voie orale par effet léchage) pour l'évaluation réglementaire des médicaments. ...

In the moving context of research on animal health, a collective discussion has been carried out on its issues, special features and synergism with biomedical research. Strongly enhanced by WHO, FAO and OIE, the issues of animal health are important and deal with food security, agriculture economics and all economical activities that follow from it. Others are related to public health (zoonoses, xenobiotics, antimicrobial resistance), environment and animal welfare. Research on animal health has got special features concerning methodology and scientific questions, among others the particular biological nature of domestic species and breeding practices. Scientific questions are not similar to those of biomedical research, even if dealing with the same pathogens; connected to the other animal sciences (genetics, physiology, animal breeding), research on animal health takes root in a very specific agricultural and economical reality. Nevertheless, generic and methodological synergies do exist with biomedical research, particularly concerning biological tools and models. Some domestic species like pig have functional similarities with Humans, better than with mouse or rat. Thus, the peculiarity of research on animal health compared to biomedical research should be considered in its organisation, evaluation and funding, through a political recognition of specific issues. Simultaneously, the one health approach should facilitate a thorough collaboration between biomedical research and research on animal health, at the levels of research teams and research programmes. ; Dans le contexte très évolutif de la recherche en santé animale, une réflexion sur ses enjeux, ses spécificités et ses synergies avec la recherche biomédicale, a été conduite à l'initiative de l'INRA. Affirmés au premier chef par l'OMS, la FAO et l'OIE, les enjeux en santé animale, hors des maladies transmissibles à l'Homme, sont énormes et touchent à la sécurité alimentaire, l'économie de l'agriculture et l'ensemble des activités économiques qui en ...

In the moving context of research on animal health, a collective discussion has been carried out on its issues, special features and synergism with biomedical research. Strongly enhanced by WHO, FAO and OIE, the issues of animal health are important and deal with food security, agriculture economics and all economical activities that follow from it. Others are related to public health (zoonoses, xenobiotics, antimicrobial resistance), environment and animal welfare. Research on animal health has got special features concerning methodology and scientific questions, among others the particular biological nature of domestic species and breeding practices. Scientific questions are not similar to those of biomedical research, even if dealing with the same pathogens; connected to the other animal sciences (genetics, physiology, animal breeding), research on animal health takes root in a very specific agricultural and economical reality. Nevertheless, generic and methodological synergies do exist with biomedical research, particularly concerning biological tools and models. Some domestic species like pig have functional similarities with Humans, better than with mouse or rat. Thus, the peculiarity of research on animal health compared to biomedical research should be considered in its organisation, evaluation and funding, through a political recognition of specific issues. Simultaneously, the one health approach should facilitate a thorough collaboration between biomedical research and research on animal health, at the levels of research teams and research programmes. ; Dans le contexte très évolutif de la recherche en santé animale, une réflexion sur ses enjeux, ses spécificités et ses synergies avec la recherche biomédicale, a été conduite à l'initiative de l'INRA. Affirmés au premier chef par l'OMS, la FAO et l'OIE, les enjeux en santé animale, hors des maladies transmissibles à l'Homme, sont énormes et touchent à la sécurité alimentaire, l'économie de l'agriculture et l'ensemble des activités économiques qui en ...

In the moving context of research on animal health, a collective discussion has been carried out on its issues, special features and synergism with biomedical research. Strongly enhanced by WHO, FAO and OIE, the issues of animal health are important and deal with food security, agriculture economics and all economical activities that follow from it. Others are related to public health (zoonoses, xenobiotics, antimicrobial resistance), environment and animal welfare. Research on animal health has got special features concerning methodology and scientific questions, among others the particular biological nature of domestic species and breeding practices. Scientific questions are not similar to those of biomedical research, even if dealing with the same pathogens; connected to the other animal sciences (genetics, physiology, animal breeding), research on animal health takes root in a very specific agricultural and economical reality. Nevertheless, generic and methodological synergies do exist with biomedical research, particularly concerning biological tools and models. Some domestic species like pig have functional similarities with Humans, better than with mouse or rat. Thus, the peculiarity of research on animal health compared to biomedical research should be considered in its organisation, evaluation and funding, through a political recognition of specific issues. Simultaneously, the one health approach should facilitate a thorough collaboration between biomedical research and research on animal health, at the levels of research teams and research programmes. ; Dans le contexte très évolutif de la recherche en santé animale, une réflexion sur ses enjeux, ses spécificités et ses synergies avec la recherche biomédicale, a été conduite à l'initiative de l'INRA. Affirmés au premier chef par l'OMS, la FAO et l'OIE, les enjeux en santé animale, hors des maladies transmissibles à l'Homme, sont énormes et touchent à la sécurité alimentaire, l'économie de l'agriculture et l'ensemble des activités économiques qui en ...

In the moving context of research on animal health, a collective discussion has been carried out on its issues, special features and synergism with biomedical research. Strongly enhanced by WHO, FAO and OIE, the issues of animal health are important and deal with food security, agriculture economics and all economical activities that follow from it. Others are related to public health (zoonoses, xenobiotics, antimicrobial resistance), environment and animal welfare. Research on animal health has got special features concerning methodology and scientific questions, among others the particular biological nature of domestic species and breeding practices. Scientific questions are not similar to those of biomedical research, even if dealing with the same pathogens; connected to the other animal sciences (genetics, physiology, animal breeding), research on animal health takes root in a very specific agricultural and economical reality. Nevertheless, generic and methodological synergies do exist with biomedical research, particularly concerning biological tools and models. Some domestic species like pig have functional similarities with Humans, better than with mouse or rat. Thus, the peculiarity of research on animal health compared to biomedical research should be considered in its organisation, evaluation and funding, through a political recognition of specific issues. Simultaneously, the one health approach should facilitate a thorough collaboration between biomedical research and research on animal health, at the levels of research teams and research programmes. ; Dans le contexte très évolutif de la recherche en santé animale, une réflexion sur ses enjeux, ses spécificités et ses synergies avec la recherche biomédicale, a été conduite à l'initiative de l'INRA. Affirmés au premier chef par l'OMS, la FAO et l'OIE, les enjeux en santé animale, hors des maladies transmissibles à l'Homme, sont énormes et touchent à la sécurité alimentaire, l'économie de l'agriculture et l'ensemble des activités économiques qui en ...

In the moving context of research on animal health, a collective discussion has been carried out on its issues, special features and synergism with biomedical research. Strongly enhanced by WHO, FAO and OIE, the issues of animal health are important and deal with food security, agriculture economics and all economical activities that follow from it. Others are related to public health (zoonoses, xenobiotics, antimicrobial resistance), environment and animal welfare. Research on animal health has got special features concerning methodology and scientific questions, among others the particular biological nature of domestic species and breeding practices. Scientific questions are not similar to those of biomedical research, even if dealing with the same pathogens; connected to the other animal sciences (genetics, physiology, animal breeding), research on animal health takes root in a very specific agricultural and economical reality. Nevertheless, generic and methodological synergies do exist with biomedical research, particularly concerning biological tools and models. Some domestic species like pig have functional similarities with Humans, better than with mouse or rat. Thus, the peculiarity of research on animal health compared to biomedical research should be considered in its organisation, evaluation and funding, through a political recognition of specific issues. Simultaneously, the one health approach should facilitate a thorough collaboration between biomedical research and research on animal health, at the levels of research teams and research programmes. ; Dans le contexte très évolutif de la recherche en santé animale, une réflexion sur ses enjeux, ses spécificités et ses synergies avec la recherche biomédicale, a été conduite à l'initiative de l'INRA. Affirmés au premier chef par l'OMS, la FAO et l'OIE, les enjeux en santé animale, hors des maladies transmissibles à l'Homme, sont énormes et touchent à la sécurité alimentaire, l'économie de l'agriculture et l'ensemble des activités économiques qui en ...

In the moving context of research on animal health, a collective discussion has been carried out on its issues, special features and synergism with biomedical research. Strongly enhanced by WHO, FAO and OIE, the issues of animal health are important and deal with food security, agriculture economics and all economical activities that follow from it. Others are related to public health (zoonoses, xenobiotics, antimicrobial resistance), environment and animal welfare. Research on animal health has got special features concerning methodology and scientific questions, among others the particular biological nature of domestic species and breeding practices. Scientific questions are not similar to those of biomedical research, even if dealing with the same pathogens; connected to the other animal sciences (genetics, physiology, animal breeding), research on animal health takes root in a very specific agricultural and economical reality. Nevertheless, generic and methodological synergies do exist with biomedical research, particularly concerning biological tools and models. Some domestic species like pig have functional similarities with Humans, better than with mouse or rat. Thus, the peculiarity of research on animal health compared to biomedical research should be considered in its organisation, evaluation and funding, through a political recognition of specific issues. Simultaneously, the one health approach should facilitate a thorough collaboration between biomedical research and research on animal health, at the levels of research teams and research programmes. ; Dans le contexte très évolutif de la recherche en santé animale, une réflexion sur ses enjeux, ses spécificités et ses synergies avec la recherche biomédicale, a été conduite à l'initiative de l'INRA. Affirmés au premier chef par l'OMS, la FAO et l'OIE, les enjeux en santé animale, hors des maladies transmissibles à l'Homme, sont énormes et touchent à la sécurité alimentaire, l'économie de l'agriculture et l'ensemble des activités économiques qui en ...

In the moving context of research on animal health, a collective discussion has been carried out on its issues, special features and synergism with biomedical research. Strongly enhanced by WHO, FAO and OIE, the issues of animal health are important and deal with food security, agriculture economics and all economical activities that follow from it. Others are related to public health (zoonoses, xenobiotics, antimicrobial resistance), environment and animal welfare. Research on animal health has got special features concerning methodology and scientific questions, among others the particular biological nature of domestic species and breeding practices. Scientific questions are not similar to those of biomedical research, even if dealing with the same pathogens; connected to the other animal sciences (genetics, physiology, animal breeding), research on animal health takes root in a very specific agricultural and economical reality. Nevertheless, generic and methodological synergies do exist with biomedical research, particularly concerning biological tools and models. Some domestic species like pig have functional similarities with Humans, better than with mouse or rat. Thus, the peculiarity of research on animal health compared to biomedical research should be considered in its organisation, evaluation and funding, through a political recognition of specific issues. Simultaneously, the one health approach should facilitate a thorough collaboration between biomedical research and research on animal health, at the levels of research teams and research programmes. ; Dans le contexte très évolutif de la recherche en santé animale, une réflexion sur ses enjeux, ses spécificités et ses synergies avec la recherche biomédicale, a été conduite à l'initiative de l'INRA. Affirmés au premier chef par l'OMS, la FAO et l'OIE, les enjeux en santé animale, hors des maladies transmissibles à l'Homme, sont énormes et touchent à la sécurité alimentaire, l'économie de l'agriculture et l'ensemble des activités économiques qui en ...

Dans le contexte très évolutif de la recherche en santé animale, une réflexion sur ses enjeux, ses spécificités et ses synergies avec la recherche biomédicale, a été conduite à l'initiative de l'INRA. Affirmés au premier chef par l'OMS, la FAO et l'OIE, les enjeux en santé animale, hors des maladies transmissibles à l'Homme, sont énormes et touchent à la sécurité alimentaire, l'économie de l'agriculture et l'ensemble des activités économiques qui en découlent. S'y ajoutent les enjeux de santé publique (zoonoses, xénobiotiques, antibiorésistance), environnementaux et de bien-être animal. La recherche en santé animale présente des spécificités d'ordre méthodologique et scientifique, liées notamment aux particularités biologiques des espèces domestiques et aux pratiques d'élevage. Elle n'a pas les mêmes questionnements scientifiques qu'en biologie humaine même lorsqu'elle traite des mêmes agents pathogènes et, connectée aux autres sciences animales (génétique, physiologie, zootechnie), elle s'enracine dans une réalité agricole et économique très spécifique. Des synergies génériques et méthodologiques existent néanmoins avec la recherche biomédicale, en particulier autour des outils et des modèles biologiques. Certaines espèces domestiques (tel le porc) présentent en outre des similitudes fonctionnelles avec l'Homme, plus que le rongeur de laboratoire. Ainsi la singularité de la recherche en santé animale par rapport à la recherche en biologie humaine devrait être prise en compte dans son organisation, son évaluation et son financement, via une politique de reconnaissance des enjeux spécifiques. Simultanément, l'approche one health devrait faciliter une collaboration approfondie entre recherche en biologie humaine et recherche en santé animale, à l'échelle des équipes ou des programmes. ; In the moving context of research on animal health, a collective discussion has been carried out on its issues, special features and synergism with biomedical research. Strongly enhanced by WHO, FAO and OIE, the issues of animal health are important and deal with food security, agriculture economics and all economical activities that follow from it. Others are related to public health (zoonoses, xenobiotics, antimicrobial resistance), environment and animal welfare. Research on animal health has got special features concerning methodology and scientific questions, among others the particular biological nature of domestic species and breeding practices. Scientific questions are not similar to those of biomedical research, even if dealing with the same pathogens; connected to the other animal sciences (genetics, physiology, animal breeding), research on animal health takes root in a very specific agricultural and economical reality. Nevertheless, generic and methodological synergies do exist with biomedical research, particularly concerning biological tools and models. Some domestic species like pig have functional similarities with Humans, better than with mouse or rat. Thus, the peculiarity of research on animal health compared to biomedical research should be considered in its organisation, evaluation and funding, through a political recognition of specific issues. Simultaneously, the one health approach should facilitate a thorough collaboration between biomedical research and research on animal health, at the levels of research teams and research programmes.