Suchergebnisse

SamenvattingHet trekken van steekproeven, die gedurende lange tijd gebruikt moeten worden, en het regelmatig verzamelen van gegevens in dergelijke steekproeven kan zeer kostbaar zijn. Als men zich beperkt tot eenvoudige aselecte trekkingen uit de populatie, moet de steekproef, om een bepaalde voorgeschreven precisie te bereiken, dikwijls zeer groot zijn. Om bij gelijkblijvende precisie de omvang en dus de kosten te beperken heeft men samengestelde steekproefschema's ontworpen waarin gebruik wordt gemaakt van additionele informatie betreffende de populatie. Drie steekproefschema's worden besproken die geheel gebaseerd zijn op deze additionele informatie. Het zijn de: systematische steekproef; steekproeven waarvan de eenheden uit de populatie getrokken worden met ongelijke waarschijnlijkheden; steekproeven uit gestratificeerde populaties. De extra informatie die wordt aangewend is de frequentieverdeling van een stochastische variabele die gecorreleerd is met de variabelen die men tenslotte zal waarnemen. Het gedrag van deze laatste variabelen zal in de meeste gevallen bepalen aan welk schema de voorkeur zal worden gegeven.

SamenvattingIn een steekproefschema dat zich uitstrekt over enige tijd kan de steekproefomvang varieren van periode tot periode. Een aantal schattingsmethoden worden voorgesteld die zoveel mogelijk informatie benutten uit de voorafgaande waarnemingen. Ze worden vergeleken met de regressieschatting die theoretisch optimaal is. Bij net waarnemen echter van een zeer groot aantal kenmerken is de regressie‐schatting niet langer bruikbaar als gevolg van de grote aantallen berekeningen.De voorgestelde schatters verliezen aan precisie maar veroorzaken geen reken‐technische problemen.

SummaryIn the design of experiments for scientific purposes it is assumed that the sample elements do not interfere with the experiment and do not influence the observations. In economic research, however, these assumptions are not always fulfilled.In this field of investigation the sample elements are for the major part human beings. It might be expected that human subjects will not submit passively to any experiment.In this paper methods of observation and experimentation are discussed in which the human influence has been largely eliminated. Some topics of sample design have been elucidated by means of an example.

SummaryQuantification in language and Crypto‐analysisIn this paper the statistical properties of different languages are considered and it is shown howevery language may be charactarised by a parameter, the so called "invariant paramete". This parameter, and the character of a language in general, can be changed by crypto‐transformations. Statistical methods for finding the key of crypto‐transformations are discussed and illustrated by examples. It is shown how these methods can be made ineffectual by using special crypto‐transformations, eradicating those statistical properties of the language, which constitute systematic deviations from randomness in the numbers and combinations of letters used.

Foreshore Assessment using Space Technology (FAST, 2014 - 2018) is a project funded by the European Union's (EU) Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement number 607131. FAST is developing down-stream services for the European Earth Observation Programme Copernicus to support cost-effective, nature-based shoreline protection against flooding and erosion. This book aims to communicate the services generated by the FAST project to the general public as well as provide its readers with information on how to access its products after the project lifetime.

Foreshore Assessment using Space Technology (FAST, 2014 - 2018) is a project funded by the European Union's (EU) Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement number 607131. FAST is developing down-stream services for the European Earth Observation Programme Copernicus to support cost-effective, nature-based shoreline protection against flooding and erosion.This book aims to communicate the services generated by the FAST project to the general public as well as provide its readers with information on how to access its products after the project lifetime.

This is the final version. Available on open access from Elsevier via the DOI in this record ; Although cities can be characterised as sources of economic, environmental and social challenges, they can also be part of the solution for healthy and sustainable societies. While most cities are situated close to water, whether inland waterways, lakes, or the sea, these blue spaces are not integrated into urban planning to their full potential and their public health impacts are not always recognised by planning authorities. Furthermore, cities face future challenges regarding climate change, socio-economic developments like tourism, urbanization, and rising social inequalities. The development of healthy blue spaces can support cities in their pursuit of ways to confront these challenges. Interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary analyses of the local impacts of these trends and promising interventions have been scarce to date. This study explores the use of such methodology by presenting experiences related to five European cities: Amsterdam, Barcelona, Plymouth, Tallinn and Thessaloniki, using an interactive and participative approach with local experts and stakeholders. Future scenarios have been developed based on the question: How can blue spaces contribute to a healthier city population, given the long term trends? The results highlight the importance of addressing the local context when seeking sustainable solutions for cities. The future scenarios deliver information that could serve as useful input for local planning processes. ; European Union Horizon 2020