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Although non-state actors have recently proliferated, many predate the modern state system itself. Among these, traditional nomads uniquely challenge sovereignty. Nomadism undermines states' capacity to tax, conscript and otherwise regulate population. However, nomadism constitutes an ideational as well as material threat to states. By disrupting states' territorial configuration, nomadism undermines the ideational foundations of statehood. States have responded to nomadism in three ways. Many forcibly settle nomads. Weak states, unable to secure borders, allow nomads to migrate relatively freely. Others voluntarily facilitate freer migration by reducing the salience of borders. We offer three examples: Bedouins, often forcibly settled; African pastoralists, permitted to migrate through porous borders; and Roma, permitted to migrate transnationally within the European Union. While the Bedouin and African instances suggest a necessary conflict between the role of state and the culture of nomadism, the European experience suggests border relaxation can permit states and nomads to coexist. Adapted from the source document.

AbstractCreated by the Brazilian Micro and Small Business Support Service (SEBRAE) and developed in partnership with the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the local innovation agents (LIA) programme aims to convey innovation to Brazilian micro and small businesses (MSBs) and has covered around 150 000 MSBs since 2008. Notwithstanding, assessments of the LIA programme are still limited. Therefore, this paper aims to assess the impact of the LIA programme based on a sample of over 6000 MSBs. Results show that all dimensions improved to some extent, but marketing and organizational‐related innovations improved more than product and process‐related ones. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.