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Since the very beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, with mass media and social media playing a key role, anti-vax protests have received sustained attention. The first comments often pointed at the heterogeneity of the events, whose participants seemed to belong to different milieus, from the far right to exoteric groups that opposed mainstream medicine, suggesting alternative ones. In reality, in their forms and claims, these protests developed as a regressive response to the health crisis. Conspiracist beliefs - from the politicized QAnon and Great Replacement conspiracies widespread on the far right to the Chemic Trails and 5G ones present in an exoteric milieu that promoted alternative health practices - were clearly expressed in the slogans and symbols used by the protestors. In different moments in different countries, the contestation of the anti-COVID-19 measures proceeded with picks and ebbs, following the waves of contagion and the related increase in policy measures to curve them. Increasing especially during the vaccination campaigns, they seemed to subside however quite quickly as the COVID-19 virus started to become endemic, with vaccination reducing its lethality. This volume builds upon social movement studies in the attempt to illuminate the dynamics of these protests in the various steps of their emergency, growth and decline. Referring to most recent developments in social movement studies, it in particular contributes to the analysis of contentious politics in emergency times, characterized by deep disruption in everyday life and rapid structural transformations in the society. In order to understand how specific strains are transformed into actions, it considers the opportunities and challenges for different actors in moments of intense mobilization in which different and contrasting claims are put forward. While these moments are rich in innovation, they built upon existing social movement infrastructures, that contribute to give meaning to dissatisfaction by proposing a shared definition of problems and solutions. Looking at the wave of anti-vax protests through the lenses of social movement studies, the analysis addresses the spread of the protests, their forms, but also their quick decline.

Intro -- Front Matter -- 1. Democratic Innovations and Social Movements -- Democratic challenges in the Great Recession -- Progressive social movements as sites for innovation -- This volume -- 2. Crowd-Sourced Constitutionalism: Social Movements in the Constitutional Process -- Iceland in the crisis -- Expanding the analysis: the Irish deliberative constitutional process -- Concluding remarks -- 3. Referendums from Below: Direct Democracy and Social Movements -- 'Water is not for sale': direct democracy against the privatization of water supply -- Expanding the analysis from a comparative perspective: referendums in Scotland and Catalonia -- Concluding remarks -- 4. Movement Parties in the Great Recession -- Podemos as a movement party -- Developing a comparison: MAS in Bolivia -- Conclusion -- 5. Progressive Movements and Democratic Innovations: Some Conclusions -- Innovating from below -- Conditions and limits for democratic innovations -- Democracy and the populist Right -- Democratic innovations as social movement outcomes -- Institutional change in empirical theories of democracy -- Innovations in intense times: the way forward -- Bibliography -- Index -- End User License Agreement.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- 1: Contentious Moves: Mobilising for Refugees' Rights -- Acts of Citizenship and Social Movement Studies -- Political Opportunities in Critical Junctures -- Networking Struggles -- Repertoires of Resistance -- Challenging Frames -- This Volume -- References -- 2: 'We Have Become Refugees in Our Own Country': Mobilising for Refugees in Istanbul -- Introduction -- Framing Contention: Refugees and/or Refugeehood? -- For or Against Refugees/Migrants? -- Mobilising for Refugees in Istanbul: The Migrant Solidarity Network (MSN) and Mülteciyim Hemşerim! -- Why Act? Motivations for Mobilisation -- How to Act? Humanitarianism vs. Political Solidarity Action -- How to Act? 'Touching' the Refugees -- Turkey Becomes Syria: Refugees and Turkish Politics-Activists and Syrian Politics -- Conclusion: Constituting a New Political Space? -- Interviews -- References -- 3: Solidarity in Transition: The Case of Greece -- Introduction -- Solidarity in Transition: An Overview -- Small Islands, Huge Issues4 -- The Ghosts of Smyrna -- Solidarity -- Economic Exploitation -- Time and Containment: When the Island Becomes the Camp -- Movement-Countermovement Antagonism -- The 'Solidarians' -- Decision-Making and Organisational Structure -- Actions -- The Privatisation and Institutionalisation of Solidarity -- Solidarity in Triple Transition -- Space: Geographies of Solidarity -- Burnout -- Solidarity Actions: From Safe Passage to Integration -- Conclusion (If Any Can Be Made) -- List of Interviews (Pseudonyms Have Been Used) -- Bibliography -- 4: From Border to Border: Refugee Solidarity Activism in Italy Across Space, Time, and Practices -- Introduction -- Background: Social Movements and Asylum -- Case and Methods -- Refugee Solidarity Activism in Italy.

Frontmatter --Table of Contents --Acknowledgments --1. Riding the wave. Protest cascades, and what we can learn from them /della Porta, Donatella --2. The spirit of Gezi. A relational approach to eventful protest and its challenges /della Porta, Donatella / Atak, Kivanc --3. Brazil's popular awakening – June 2013. Accounting for the onset of a new cycle of contention /Mendes, Mariana S. --4. Making sense of "La Salida". Challenging left-wing control in Venezuela /Masullo, Juan --5. The Marikana Massacre and Labor Protest in South Africa /O'Connor, Francis --6. Left in translation. The curious absence of austerity frames in the 2013 Bulgarian protests /Rone, Julia --7. "Sow hunger, reap anger". From neoliberal privatization to new collective identities in Bosnia-Herzegovina /Milan, Chiara --8. A spirit of Maidan? Contentious escalation in Ukraine /Ritter, Daniel P. --9. Riding the wave. Some conclusions /della Porta, Donatella --Bibliography --Index

Recent years have seen a new development in the growth and spread of popular protest: protests that began as local, homogeneous events-such as Occupy Wall Street or the protests of the Arab Spring-quickly left their original locations and local specificity behind and became global. This book looks at the development of this wave of protests, with an eye on protests against austerity and neoliberal economic policies, and offers a global view, covering events in Turkey, Brazil, Venezuela, South Africa, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, and other locations.

Where Did the Revolution Go? considers the apparent disappearance of the large social movements that have contributed to democratization. Revived by recent events of the Arab Spring, this question is once again paramount. Is the disappearance real, given the focus of mass media and scholarship on electoral processes and 'normal politics'? Does it always happen, or only under certain circumstances? Are those who struggled for change destined to be disappointed by the slow pace of transformation? Which mechanisms are activated and deactivated during the rise and fall of democratization? This volume addresses these questions through empirical analysis based on quantitative and qualitative methods (including oral history) of cases in two waves of democratization: Central Eastern European cases in 1989 as well as cases in the Middle East and Mediterranean region in 2011

Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- 1: The Re-emergence of a Class Cleavage? Social Movements in Times of Austerity -- Bringing capitalism back into protest analysis? -- Social movements and political cleavages -- The research -- This volume -- 2: Social Structure: Old Working Class, New Precariat, or Yet Something Different? -- Dynamics of capitalism -- Social movements and social structures -- World-systems theory and anti-systemic movements -- Multitudes against the empire? -- Bridging political economy and social movement studies -- Modes of production and social cleavages in social movement studies -- Anti-austerity protest in the periphery -- The social basis of the (European) Global Justice Movement -- The social bases of movements in the crisis of neoliberalism -- The sociography of the camps -- The social basis of protest in Europe -- Conclusion -- 3: Identification Processes: Class and Culture -- Immoral (neo)liberalism: the challenge -- The cultural dimension: which identity for which movement? -- Liquid modernity and fragmented societies? -- Populist logic as search for the people -- The new spirit of capitalism and its critics -- Identity in social movement studies -- Morality and justice frames in anti-austerity protests in the periphery -- Anti-neoliberalism and tolerant identities in the Global Justice Movement -- Morality framing in anti-austerity movements -- Indignation and occupation -- Inclusive identities in European protests -- Conclusion -- 4: Lo Llaman Democracia Y No Lo Es: A Crisis of Political Responsibility -- Lack of responsibility in (late) neoliberalism -- Crisis of legitimacy in neoliberalism: the abdication of responsibility by representative institutions and its discontent -- Legitimacy crisis and institutional trust -- Political opportunities in social movement studies

"This timely new book addresses the anti-austerity social movements of which these protests form part, mobilizing in the context of a crisis of neoliberalism. Donatella della Porta shows that, in order to understand their main facets in terms of social basis, strategy, and identity and organizational structures, we should look at the specific characteristics of the socioeconomic, cultural and political context in which they developed."

While the pictures used to illustrate the most recent wave of protests for democracy in North Africa represent mass protest, research on social movements and democratisation have rarely interacted. This volume aims at filling this gap by looking at episodes of democratisation through the lenses of social movement studies.