It Is the Relationship, Stupid.
In: Personal relationships, Band 17, Heft 2, S. 176-179
ISSN: 1475-6811
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In: Personal relationships, Band 17, Heft 2, S. 176-179
ISSN: 1475-6811
In: Social issues and policy review: SIPR, Band 2, Heft 1, S. 127-157
ISSN: 1751-2409
The health and vitality of relationships, groups, and society at large is strongly challenged by social dilemmas or conflicts between short‐term self‐interest and long‐term collective interest. Pollution, depletion of natural resources, and intergroup conflict can be characterized as examples of urgent social dilemmas. This article advances a conceptual framework in which we analyze social dilemmas in terms of social and temporal concerns relevant to the social (individual vs. collective) and temporal (short‐term vs. long‐term) conflicts underlying social dilemmas. We discuss the plasticity of social orientations (altruism, cooperation, egalitarianism, individualism, competition, aggression) and temporal orientations (short‐term orientation, future orientation), and illustrate their "logical effects" and "paradoxical effects" on behavior that supports collectively desired outcomes. This analysis enables us to suggest a set of novel recommendations for policy and intervention to help solve various social dilemmas in contemporary society.
In: Van de Vliert , E & Van Lange , P A M 2019 , ' Latitudinal Psychology : An Ecological Perspective on Creativity, Aggression, Happiness, and Beyond ' , Perspectives on Psychological Science , vol. 14 , no. 5 , UNSP 1745691619858067 , pp. 860-884 . https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619858067 ; ISSN:1745-6916
Are there systematic trends around the world in levels of creativity, aggressiveness, life satisfaction, individualism, trust, and suicidality? This article suggests a new field, latitudinal psychology, that delineates differences in such culturally shared features along northern and southern rather than eastern and western locations. In addition to geographical, ecological, and other explanations, we offer three metric foundations of latitudinal variations: replicability (latitudinal gradient repeatability across hemispheres), reversibility (north-south gradient reversal near the equator), and gradient strength (degree of replicability and reversibility). We show that aggressiveness decreases whereas creativity, life satisfaction, and individualism increase as one moves closer to either the north or the south pole. We also discuss the replicability, reversibility, and gradient strength of (a) temperatures and rainfall as remote predictors, and (b) pathogen prevalence, national wealth, population density, and income inequality as more proximate predictors, of (c) latitudinal gradients in human functioning. Preliminary analyses suggest that cultural and psychological diversity often need to be partially understood in terms of latitudinal variations in integrated exposure to climate-induced demands and wealth-based resources. We conclude with broader implications, emphasizing the importance of north-south replications in samples that are not from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) societies.
BASE
In: Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology Ser.
Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1 In Search of Homo moralis: The Social Psychology of Morality -- Part I The Nature of Moral Values and Decisions -- 2 God Save Us: A Terror Management Perspective on Morality -- 3 Moral Opportunities Versus Moral Tests -- 4 Threat, Morality and Politics: A Differentiated Threat Account of Moral and Political Values -- 5 Computational Modeling of Moral Decisions -- 6 Understanding Responses to Moral Dilemmas: Deontological Inclinations, Utilitarian Inclinations, and General Action Tendencies -- Part II Moral Aspects of Interpersonal Behavior -- 7 A Relational Perspective of Social Influence on Moral Issues -- 8 When Perspective-Takers Turn Unethical -- 9 Confessing to an Immoral Act: Consequences to Moral Beliefs and Inferences About Moral Dispositions -- 10 Affective Influences on Moral Decisions: Mood Effects on Selfishness Versus Fairness -- Part III Ironic and Paradoxical Effects of Morality -- 11 Can High Moral Purposes Undermine Scientific Integrity? -- 12 Concept Creep: Psychology's Expanding Notions of Harm and Their Moral Basis -- 13 Ethical Norms and Moral Values Among Scientists: Applying Conceptions of Morality to Scientific Rules and Practices -- Part IV Morality and Collective Behavior -- 14 Moralization and Intolerance of Ideological Outgroups -- 15 Sin, Morality, and Opponent Motives for Prosocial Behavior -- 16 The Moral Psychology of Resource Use -- 17 Of Baboons and Elephants: Inequality and the Evolution of Immoral Leadership -- 18 Groups Create Moral Superheroes to Defend Sacred Values -- Index.
SSRN
In: Environment and behavior: eb ; publ. in coop. with the Environmental Design Research Association, Band 36, Heft 2, S. 187-206
ISSN: 1552-390X
This study examines preference for commuting towork by car or public transportation (PT) within an expanded social dilemma framework (i.e., one that recognizes the importance of both social and temporal concerns). Commuters completed scales assessing commuting preferences, beliefs regarding the environmental impact of cars, social value orientation (SVO), and the consideration of future consequences (CFC). Preference for PT was higher among commuters who believed that commuting by car harms the environment and among those scoring high in CFC. Most important, a significant two-way interaction revealed that preference for commuting by PT was positively related to beliefs regarding the harmful environmental consequences of commuting by car only among those high in CFC. SVO was unrelated to commuting preferences. In sum, a future orientation may be more important than a prosocial orientation in shaping commuting preferences.
In: SAGE Social Psychology Program
In: SAGE Social Psychology Program
In: Social psychology, Band 53, Heft 4, S. 209-220
ISSN: 2151-2590
Abstract. It is widely documented that third parties punish norm violations, even at a substantial cost to themselves. However, little is known about how third-party punishment occurs in groups consisting of members who differ in status. Having a higher-status member promotes norm enforcement and group efficiency but also poses threats to collective goods when they strategically exploit people's trust to maximize self-interest. Two preregistered studies consistently revealed a punitive mechanism contingent on target status and strategic exploitation. Third-party observers generated harsher punishment when high- but not low-status targets transgressed after publicly endorsing cooperation (Study 1) or procedural fairness (Study 2). The findings elucidate third-party punishment as a feasible mechanism to counteract exploitation and maintain social norms in interactions with status asymmetry.
In: Group processes & intergroup relations: GPIR, Band 14, Heft 6, S. 857-870
ISSN: 1461-7188
It has been suggested that the expectation of repeated (versus single) interaction might promote cooperation in social dilemmas. One key question is whether the anticipation of repeated interaction may promote cooperation in those with prosocial orientations, with individualistic orientations, or both. We advance the argument that repeated interaction may be perceived in terms of opportunities for punishing noncooperation and rewarding cooperation (reciprocity), and that such "contingencies" should have a relatively greater impact on individualists' motivations to cooperate. Consistent with hypotheses, we found evidence for the idea that the mere anticipation of repeated (versus single-trial) interaction promoted cooperation, but more so in those who pursue primarily individualistic, self-interested goals than those who are more prone to pursue prosocial goals.
In: PLoS ONE 10(6), 2015
SSRN
Major natural disasters often prompt charities to start rallying for extra donations. However, little is known about which variables predict disaster donations most strongly. Here we focused on donations to victims of typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines (2013). A multifaceted approach combined three potential predictors: (a) prosocial traits (social value orientation and social mindfulness, or SVO and SoMi), (b) socio-demographic variables, and (c) minimal social cues (eye images). Participants (N = 643) completed an online survey in which they decided whether or not to spend time on a fundraising task to support the typhoon victims. Results of this exploratory study showed that SVO and SoMi, followed by educational attainment and political ideology, were the most prominent predictors of the decision to donate. Furthermore, SVO, SoMi, educational attainment, and religiosity were related to the donated amount. In disaster relief appeals, prosocial personality (and certain socio-demographic factors) might be a more important predictor of helping behavior than exposure to eye images.
BASE
In: The journal of conflict resolution: journal of the Peace Science Society (International), Band 62, Heft 4, S. 797-818
ISSN: 1552-8766
Theories suggest that political ideology relates to cooperation, with conservatives being more likely to pursue selfish outcomes, and liberals more likely to pursue egalitarian outcomes. In study 1, we examine how political ideology and political party affiliation (Republican vs. Democrat) predict cooperation with a partner who self-identifies as Republican or Democrat in two samples before ( n = 362) and after ( n = 366) the 2012 US presidential election. Liberals show slightly more concern for their partners' outcomes compared to conservatives (study 1), and in study 2 this relation is supported by a meta-analysis ( r = .15). However, in study 1, political ideology did not relate to cooperation in general. Both Republicans and Democrats extend more cooperation to their in-group relative to the out-group, and this is explained by expectations of cooperation from in-group versus out-group members. We discuss the relation between political ideology and cooperation within and between groups.
Theories suggest that political ideology relates to cooperation, with conservatives being more likely to pursue selfish outcomes, and liberals more likely to pursue egalitarian outcomes. In study 1, we examine how political ideology and political party affiliation (Republican vs. Democrat) predict cooperation with a partner who self-identifies as Republican or Democrat in two samples before (n = 362) and after (n = 366) the 2012 US presidential election. Liberals show slightly more concern for their partners' outcomes compared to conservatives (study 1), and in study 2 this relation is supported by a meta-analysis (r = .15). However, in study 1, political ideology did not relate to cooperation in general. Both Republicans and Democrats extend more cooperation to their in-group relative to the out-group, and this is explained by expectations of cooperation from in-group versus out-group members. We discuss the relation between political ideology and cooperation within and between groups.
BASE
In: Social psychology, Band 49, Heft 6, S. 330-343
ISSN: 2151-2590
Abstract. There is ample evidence for the central role of morality in social judgments. However, research has not examined whether perceived morality of others also drives perceived humanness, nor has it extensively considered its behavioral consequences. These issues were addressed across two studies. Study 1 revealed that information about a target person's morality increased his/her perceived humanness, which in turn explained positive behavioral intentions toward him/her. Study 2 pointed out that information about a target person's morality increased unselfish behaviors toward him/her. This effect was explained by perceived humanness of the target. Implications of the relationship between morality, perceived humanness, and unselfish behaviors are discussed.