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AbstractThis article discusses findings of two recent studies conducted in collaboration with the East Flanders Prospective Twin Survey in the field of cognitive ability. The first study examined the effect of chorion type on heritability estimates of intelligence in children. The second study investigated the causes of association between child psychopathology and lower cognitive ability. Findings of these studies are discussed in the light of the current view on cognitive ability (or 'g') and recommendations for future research are made.

Intro -- GOEDE GGZ! NIEUWE CONCEPTEN, AANGEPASTE TAAL EN BETERE ORGANISATIE -- INHOUD -- TEN GELEIDE -- I ANDERE INSTEEK, NIEUWE ROLVERDELING,HERONTWERP, ALTERNATIEVE BEKOSTIGING -- 1 WAT IS DAT EIGENLIJK, GOEDE GGZ? -- 2 WAT IS PSYCHISCHE GEZONDHEID? -- 2.1 Het platonische gezondheidsideaal -- 2.2 Overbehandeling en overspannen gezondheidsideaal -- 2.3 Een nieuw model: positieve gezondheid -- 3 WAT ZIJN PSYCHISCHE KLACHTEN(NIET)? -- 3.1 De vijftien basisprincipes -- 3.2 Is positieve gezondheid 'antipsychiatrie'? -- 3.3 Psychische klachten als neuro-algoritmen -- 3.4 Voorbeelden van reductionistische verwarring -- 3.5 Ultra-high risk: toekomstbeeld of luchtkasteel? -- 4 DE MODERNE CONTEXT VAN PSYCHISCHE KLACHTEN -- 4.1 Sick care versus health care -- 4.2 De marktwerking -- 4.3 Regelzucht en gevolgen voor de patiënt -- 4.4 Multideskundige eCommunity's als antwoord op vastgelopenhyperbureaucratie -- 5 PSYCHISCHE KLACHTEN ZIJN MEERDEREDINGEN TEGELIJK -- 5.1 Een pluralistische benadering -- 5.2 Klacht of spirituele ervaring? -- 5.3 Context -- 5.4 Syndromen -- 5.5 Functies -- 6 WAT BETEKENT 'HULP NODIG HEBBEN' VOOR PSYCHISCHE KLACHTEN? -- 6.1 Psychische klachten als signaal voor verandering -- 6.2 Psychische klachten als uiting van kwetsbaarheid enzorgbehoefte -- 6.3 Psychische klachten als begin van een proces -- 7 WAT IS EVIDENCE-BASED BEHANDELEN VAN PSYCHISCHE KLACHTEN? -- 7.1 Richtlijnen in de ggz -- 7.2 Het placebo-effect als eigen kracht -- 7.3 Het placebo-effect als stoorzender in de moderne'breintherapie' -- 7.4 Alternatief: maak het ritueel in de ggz weer helend -- 8 VAN ZORGPADEN EN RICHTLIJNENNAAR KLINISCH REDENEREN EN EENWEBWINKEL VAN DE ZORG -- 8.1 De evidence-based geneeskunde -- 8.2 Lineair versus fasegericht behandelen -- 9 WAT IS EEN HULPVERLENER? NAAR EEN MULTIDESKUNDIG PERSPECTIEF -- 9.1 De continuïteit van ervaring

AbstractThe focus of research in depression is on negative affect. However, positive affect is under-investigated and plays an important role in resilience against depression by neutralizing the effects of genetic vulnerability to depression.

The first comprehensive, epidemiological overview of schizophrenia, drawing together the findings from social, genetic, developmental and classical epidemiology. Controversial issues on its nature and cause are explored in depth, and separate chapters are devoted to suicide, violence and substance abuse, new prospects for treatment, and prevention

Auditory hallucination, or hearing voices, is generally associated with psychopathology. In psychiatry it is inter‐preted as a symptom of an illness, with no connection to the individual's life history. Voice hallucinations in childhood occur in a variety of contexts and have variable long‐term outcomes. Little is known about the course of the experience. In this study, 80 children and youngsters hearing voices were interviewed on four occasions over a period of three years about the content of the voices and their overall experience of voices, focusing on the determinants for a promising outcome in the pathways through care. The results indicate that the need for care in the context of the experience of voices is associated not only with high levels of problem behaviour and associated negative symptoms of psychosis, but also, independently, with an appraisal of the voices in terms of anxiety, depression, dissociation and frequency of occurrence. In 60 per cent of the participants the voices disappeared during the three‐year research period. The relationship between the disappearance of voices and the course of mental health treatment is, however, ambiguous.

Disturbances in affect have been linked to problem behavior in adolescence and future psychopathology, but little is known about how such disturbances manifest themselves in everyday contexts. This study investigated daily mood in Dutch 7th graders, aged 11–14. Cluster analysis of problem measures distinguished high‐risk (n=25) and low‐risk (n=106) subgroups. Participants completed experience‐sampling reports of mood, social context, and location nine times daily for 5 days. Multilevel regression analyses of four mood measures confirmed higher anxiety and depressed mood in the high‐risk group. Moods varied by location and social context, with significant differences between groups in two specific social contexts. First, when with family, low‐risk adolescents felt less depressed than when alone, whereas high‐risk adolescents felt more depressed. Second, high‐risk adolescents showed more pronounced anxiety in social situations outside the network of family and friends. These findings point to everyday social contexts in which young adolescents with emotional and behavioral problems appear to be particularly vulnerable.

International audience ; Advanced paternal age has been consistently associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. It is less known if such an association also exists with subclinical/attenuated forms of psychosis. Additionally, it has been suggested that it is not paternal age per se, but rather delayed fatherhood, as a marker of a genetic liability of psychosis, that is the cause of the association. The aim of the current study was to examine whether paternal age and/or delayed fatherhood (paternity age) predict self-reported positive, negative, and/or depressive dimensions of psychosis in a large sample from the general population. The sample (N = 1465) was composed of control subjects from the 6 countries participating in the European Union Gene-Environment Interaction study. The CAPE, a self-report questionnaire, was used to measure dimensions of subclinical psychosis. Paternal age at the time of respondents' birth and age of paternity were assessed by self-report. We assessed the influence of the variables of interest (paternal age or paternity age) on CAPE scores after adjusting for potential confounders (age, gender, and ethnicity). Paternal age was positively associated with the positive dimension of the CAPE. By contrast, paternity age was not associated with any of the psychosis dimensions assessed by the CAPE. Thus, our results do not support the idea that delayed fatherhood explains the association between age of paternity and psychosis risk. Furthermore, our results provide arguments for the hypothesis of an etiologic continuum of psychosis.

International audience ; Advanced paternal age has been consistently associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. It is less known if such an association also exists with subclinical/attenuated forms of psychosis. Additionally, it has been suggested that it is not paternal age per se, but rather delayed fatherhood, as a marker of a genetic liability of psychosis, that is the cause of the association. The aim of the current study was to examine whether paternal age and/or delayed fatherhood (paternity age) predict self-reported positive, negative, and/or depressive dimensions of psychosis in a large sample from the general population. The sample (N = 1465) was composed of control subjects from the 6 countries participating in the European Union Gene-Environment Interaction study. The CAPE, a self-report questionnaire, was used to measure dimensions of subclinical psychosis. Paternal age at the time of respondents' birth and age of paternity were assessed by self-report. We assessed the influence of the variables of interest (paternal age or paternity age) on CAPE scores after adjusting for potential confounders (age, gender, and ethnicity). Paternal age was positively associated with the positive dimension of the CAPE. By contrast, paternity age was not associated with any of the psychosis dimensions assessed by the CAPE. Thus, our results do not support the idea that delayed fatherhood explains the association between age of paternity and psychosis risk. Furthermore, our results provide arguments for the hypothesis of an etiologic continuum of psychosis.

International audience ; Advanced paternal age has been consistently associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. It is less known if such an association also exists with subclinical/attenuated forms of psychosis. Additionally, it has been suggested that it is not paternal age per se, but rather delayed fatherhood, as a marker of a genetic liability of psychosis, that is the cause of the association. The aim of the current study was to examine whether paternal age and/or delayed fatherhood (paternity age) predict self-reported positive, negative, and/or depressive dimensions of psychosis in a large sample from the general population. The sample (N = 1465) was composed of control subjects from the 6 countries participating in the European Union Gene-Environment Interaction study. The CAPE, a self-report questionnaire, was used to measure dimensions of subclinical psychosis. Paternal age at the time of respondents' birth and age of paternity were assessed by self-report. We assessed the influence of the variables of interest (paternal age or paternity age) on CAPE scores after adjusting for potential confounders (age, gender, and ethnicity). Paternal age was positively associated with the positive dimension of the CAPE. By contrast, paternity age was not associated with any of the psychosis dimensions assessed by the CAPE. Thus, our results do not support the idea that delayed fatherhood explains the association between age of paternity and psychosis risk. Furthermore, our results provide arguments for the hypothesis of an etiologic continuum of psychosis.

Advanced paternal age has been consistently associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. It is less known if such an association also exists with subclinical/attenuated forms of psychosis. Additionally, it has been suggested that it is not paternal age per se, but rather delayed fatherhood, as a marker of a genetic liability of psychosis, that is the cause of the association. The aim of the current study was to examine whether paternal age and/or delayed fatherhood (paternity age) predict self-reported positive, negative, and/or depressive dimensions of psychosis in a large sample from the general population. The sample (N = 1465) was composed of control subjects from the 6 countries participating in the European Union Gene-Environment Interaction study. The CAPE, a self-report questionnaire, was used to measure dimensions of subclinical psychosis. Paternal age at the time of respondents' birth and age of paternity were assessed by self-report. We assessed the influence of the variables of interest (paternal age or paternity age) on CAPE scores after adjusting for potential confounders (age, gender, and ethnicity). Paternal age was positively associated with the positive dimension of the CAPE. By contrast, paternity age was not associated with any of the psychosis dimensions assessed by the CAPE. Thus, our results do not support the idea that delayed fatherhood explains the association between age of paternity and psychosis risk. Furthermore, our results provide arguments for the hypothesis of an etiologic continuum of psychosis.

Background: The size and increasing burden of disease due to mental disorders in Europe poses substantial challenges to its population and to the health policy of the European Union. This warrants a specific research agenda concerning clinical mental health research as one of the cornerstones of sustainable mental health research and health policy in Europe. The aim of this research was to identify the top priorities needed to address the main challenges in clinical research for mental disorders. Methods: The research was conducted as an expert survey and expert panel discussion during a scientific workshop. Results: Eighty-nine experts in clinical research and representing most European countries participated in this survey. Identified top priorities were the need for new intervention studies, understanding the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of mechanisms of disease, and research in the field of somatic-psychiatric comorbidity. The "subjectivity gap" between basic neuroscience research and clinical reality for patients with mental disorders is considered the main challenge in psychiatric research, suggesting that a shift in research paradigms is required. Conclusion: Innovations in clinical mental health research should bridge the gap between mechanisms underlying novel therapeutic interventions and the patient experience of mental disorder and, if present, somatic comorbidity. Clinical mental health research is relatively underfunded and should receive specific attention in Horizon 2020 funding programs.

Background: The size and increasing burden of disease due to mental disorders in Europe poses substantial challenges to its population and to the health policy of the European Union. This warrants a specific research agenda concerning clinical mental health research as one of the cornerstones of sustainable mental health research and health policy in Europe. The aim of this research was to identify the top priorities needed to address the main challenges in clinical research for mental disorders. Methods: The research was conducted as an expert survey and expert panel discussion during a scientific workshop. Results: Eighty-nine experts in clinical research and representing most European countries participated in this survey. Identified top priorities were the need for new intervention studies, understanding the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of mechanisms of disease, and research in the field of somatic-psychiatric comorbidity. The "subjectivity gap" between basic neuroscience research and clinical reality for patients with mental disorders is considered the main challenge in psychiatric research, suggesting that a shift in research paradigms is required. Conclusion: Innovations in clinical mental health research should bridge the gap between mechanisms underlying novel therapeutic interventions and the patient experience of mental disorder and, if present, somatic comorbidity. Clinical mental health research is relatively underfunded and should receive specific attention in Horizon 2020 funding programs.