Suchergebnisse

The Constitution determines that the legislative and executive powers regarding 'regional planning and development', 'urban and rural development', 'provincial planning' and 'municipal planning' are divided among the three spheres of government. Yet the boundaries between these items listed in Schedules 4 and 5 of the Constitution are opaque and their precise content is not always apparent. Overlaps, conflicts and uncertainty may occur. In a number of landmark decisions the courts have provided content to these different functional areas. Clarity on what 'municipal planning' comprises leads to more certainty on the content of the other planning areas. Draft legislation such as the Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Bill (B14-2012) can also assist in adding substance to a demarcation of these different functional areas. Yet uncertainties still remain, occasioned by constitutional provisions such as sections 100, 139(1) and 155(6)-(7), that permit intervention by national and provincial government in provinces and municipalities respectively, as well as the support and monitoring by provincial government in respect of municipalities. Few clear solutions are immediately apparent. The role of the constitutional principles of co-operative government where uncertainty and conflict exist is examined, especially where no veto of one sphere over another is possible. Principles of interpretation can also assist in delineating the boundaries of the different functional areas. It seems, however, that the courts will find themselves having to address the remaining inconsistencies.

Local government occupies a unique place in the South African system of government. This is circumscribed by the Constitution which contains directives. enjoining municipalities inter alia to provide democratic and accountable government for local communities and to promote social and economic development (section 152) as well as to undertake developmentally–oriented planning (section 153). In addition local government has a specific role to play regarding access to adequate housing and, in that context, evictions. In terms of sections 25 and 26 of the Constitution as well as legislation enacted in terms of these provisions new and different procedures have been put in place to demarcate the role of municipalities in evictions. The interpretation, by the courts, of these legislative provisions, has created a framework within which municipalities must react to and deal with evictions. In terms of that framework a number of duties and responsibilities are placed on municipalities, which include that they do the following: have policies, actions and programmes in place, draw up proper housing plans, be notified of evictions, mediate and engage with all stakeholders and provide temporary – and suitable alternative – accommodation of a specific standard, all of which must be consistent with principles of human dignity and be reasonable. Against this background this paper will interrogate the role of local government in evictions, concentrating on the constitutional directives for municipalities, the different eviction procedures and the duties and responsibilities of municipalities.

In this article the characteristics of Aids are touched upon and then the (rather difficult) question whether Aids should be seen as God's judgement over the sin (immorality) of man is discussed. Some typical aspects (sexual, medical, political and personal) are discussed and furthermore the line of argumentation is continued by elaborating on the calling of the church, the task of authorities and society as well as the responsibility of the family and the individual. The conclusion arrived at is that however serious the case of Aids may be, there is no room for pessimism, because Christians expect and await the full realisation of the kingdom of God This expectation does not nullify but maximises man's responsibilty to fight Aids with all moral means at his disposal.

The author justifies writing about the political dimension in the novels of André P. Brink on the basis that committed literature also embraces the political dimension as one of its m any dimensions. He thus proposes to deal not with whether but how this dimension manifests its e lf in the literature. A rising line of political involvement is detected in the late st novels - and this tendency can be defined in terms of "in situation alized violence ". An analysis of a number of novels, including Kennis van die aand, Houd-den-bek and Muur van die Pes underscores his views, and reveals, too, a view that the church is caught up in pietistic immobility, and that the novels abound in Existentia list, Marxist and even at times Calvin is ethical motifs. The political dimension is then evaluated in terms of Calvin is views and the Calvin is tradition - especially in view of the concept of the justifiability of violence and in surreciton.

Various methods had been described for the analysis of vitamins in food matrices, with more and more of these including the use of HPLC to measure the levels of these micronutrients in foodstuffs. The renewed interest in rapid and accurate quantification of micronutrients in foodstuffs is due to more stringent requirements by food regulatory agencies around the world. Legislation now demands that the nutrition information displayed on food labels be backed up by reliable results obtained using validated analyses. Three challenges are common in terms of quantifying vitamins in food matrices: 1) extraction techniques that are sufficiently effective to liberate the various forms of the vitamin from each unique matrix, 2) ensuring that labile forms of the vitamin are protected against degeneration by light and/or air (oxygen) for a sufficiently long period to afford accurate quantification and 3) obtaining an analytical method with sufficient sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy and precision, with cost and time also being considerations . The chapter dealt with these aspects concerning vitamin B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, B12 and vitamin C. Extraction procedures were described, as well as typical HPLC methods and recent improvements in this field.

7‐11 November 2010, Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection, Glasgow, UK

Untersucht wird, wie sich in den achtziger Jahren die wirtschaftlichen Interessen Japans in Südafrika mit dem offiziellen Sanktionsstandpunkt dem Apartheidsstaat gegenüber vertragen haben. Eine Analyse der Außenhandelsbeziehungen und anderer Ereignisse in den Jahren 1985-1991 (1987 wurde Japan Südafrikas führender Handelspartner) bestätigt die Hypothese, daß bei der japanischen Außenpolitik wirtschaftliche Interessen den Vorrang vor allen anderen Aspekten gehabt haben, und es ist anzunehmen, daß dies auch in Zukunft so bleibt. (DÜI-Hlb)

Background. Gender-based violence (GBV), as a topic of medical study and practice, is an integral component of medical education in many developed countries. There is an increasing need to equip medical practitioners with appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills to care for victims of GBV.Objectives. To obtain consensus among stakeholders on content, the members of faculty who should teach the subject and the methods of training relating to GBV curricula in three medical schools in south-west Nigeria.Methods. Three rounds of the Delphi technique involving 52 experts from among academics, medical practitioners, government and non-governmental organisations were conducted. The first round (RD 1) was open-ended, while subsequent rounds were structured. Consensus was defined as a gathering around mean (>3.5) responses with minimal divergence (standard deviation (SD) 4.0. For the RD 3, consensus was regarded as >50% satisfaction with the rankings from RD 2. A strong consensus was taken as >60% satisfaction.Results. Themes identified in RD 1 were: reasons for teaching GBV; teaching methods, strategies needed and departments best positioned to teach it; professions to involve in training; academic level to offer training; and strategies to assess effective training. From RD 2, the topics ranked highest for inclusion in training were (mean (SD)): complications of GBV, 4.44 (0.63); and safety plan, 4.44 (0.51). Offering training to final-year medical students was most preferred, at 4.25 (1.13); for teaching methods, using videos for training, at 4.63 (0.89), was ranked highest, followed by information, education and communication materials, at 4.50 (0.82). Discussion with victims ranked highest as the most preferred format for teaching, followed by didactic lectures, at 4.06 (0.93) and 4.00 (0.89), respectively. The departments selected to teach GBV were Public Health, at 4.19 (0.91); Accidents and Emergency, 4.06 (0.85); Family Medicine, 3.81 (1.05); and Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 3.81 (0.89). Other professionals suggested were psychologists, social workers and lawyers. With regards to assessment, written examination ranked highest, at 4.06 (0.85). RD 3 confirmed the rankings of RD 2 on all themes, and sought additional suggestions for the training. Most (82.9%) respondents had no additional suggestions; the few elicited included clarifying cultural misconceptions around GBV, involving religious leaders and psychologists, and the recommendation that the teaching should be sustained.Conclusion. These results will inform the development of evidence-based competencies relevant to healthcare providers in the African context. The need for periodic review of the curricula of medical schools to ensure that they address patient and societal needs is highlighted.