Suchergebnisse

IN THE 1976 REPUBLICAN CONTEST FOR THE PRESIDENTIAL NOMINEE, EARLY PRIMARIES INDICATED THAT GERALD FORD WAS COASTING TO A QUICK AND DECISIVE VICTORY, BUT RONALD REAGAN STAGED AN IMPRESSIVE RALLY MIDWAY THROUGH THE PRIMARIES BY GRADUALLY SWITCHING HIS EMPHASIS FROM DOMESTIC ISSUES TO FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND DEFENSE.

We investigate how operational governance formalization and flexibility affect organizational performance, both directly and jointly. We build our arguments using learning mechanisms. Based on 434 observations from project managers in a large multi-department government organization, we hypothesize a positive-increasing U-shaped learning curve effect regarding governance formalization and a positive effect regarding governance flexibility. Most importantly, we hypothesize that governance formalization and flexibility exhibit joint effects. We find that governance flexibility increases performance when formalization is low and decreases performance when formalization is high. Our finding that flexibility can be counter-productive to performance is novel. Overall, this paper contributes to the operational governance literature by clarifying how learning mechanisms explain the joint effects of governance formalization and flexibility.

AbstractThis technical note describes an investigation on the feasibility of using treated wastewater to support the operation of a fixed‐film bioscrubber for H2S removal. A laboratory‐scale fixed‐film bioscrubber was assembled using Thiobacillus bacteria which were isolated from a sample of raw sludge, cultured in the laboratory, and immobilised onto the scrubber's plastic packing media by an immersion method.

We investigate organizational performance by considering the influence of goals and governance, both directly and interactively. Specifically, we theorize a linear relationship regarding goal importance and a curvilinear relationship regarding the degree of formalization of operational-level governance. We test our model on 348 Information Technology professionals in a large American government organization. We find support for our hypotheses and we find that goals and governance are substitutes in the condition of low to moderate governance, and are complements in the condition of moderate to high governance. While our theory is constrained to goals with high group-efficacy, our provocative findings contribute to both scholarly literature and managerial practice. Managers should select governance systems based on the characteristics of the organization's goals.

Smoking prevalence and tobacco-related mortality have steadily declined in the recent decades. However, the use of e-cig and other nicotine containing products used for smoking cessation and other reasons is on the rise. Chronic use of tobacco products leads to serious health issues, yet a limited number of pharmacotherapies are available to treat smoking-related disorders. These pharmacotherapies in some cases are not effective or cause similar side effects as nicotine. Recently, with the inception of SB 493, pharmacists are authorized to be actively involved in smoking cessation. For example, California's legislature granted pharmacists authority to furnish FDA-approved nicotine replacement therapies through SB 493. Thus, pharmacists must complete a training course approved by the board of pharmacy, as well as annual continuing education on tobacco cessation to be able to make the appropriate decision which product to choose for their patients. In this review, we attempted to review the available pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation and discuss the role that pharmacists play to help patients benefit from these products.