Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology has increased with the use of various civilian and military applications. In the present study, we hypothesized that low-dose UWB electromagnetic radiation (UWBR) could elicit a mitogenic effect in AML-12 mouse hepatocytes, in vitro. To test this hypothesis, we exposed AML-12 mouse hepatocytes, to UWBR in a specially constructed gigahertz transverse electromagnetic mode (GTEM) cell. Cells were exposed to UWBR for 2 h at a temperature of 23 degrees C, a pulse width of 10 ns, a repetition rate of 1 kHz, and field strength of 5-20 kV/m. UWB pulses were triggered by an external pulse generator for UWBR exposure but were not triggered for the sham exposure. We performed an MTT Assay to assess cell viability for UWBR-treated and sham-exposed hepatocytes. Data from viability studies indicated a time-related increase in hepatocytes at time intervals from 8-24 h post exposure. UWBR exerted a statistically significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent response in cell viability in both serum-treated and serum free medium (SFM) -treated hepatocytes. Western blot analysis of hepatocyte lysates demonstrated that cyclin A protein was induced in hepatocytes, suggesting that increased MTT activity after UWBR exposure was due to cell proliferation. This study indicates that UWBR has a mitogenic effect on AML-12 mouse hepatocytes and implicates a possible role for UWBR in hepatocarcinoma.
Retrospective study of transverse type from January to June 2009 in the Tinbuktu area for specific supervision of activities to combat tuberculosis, whose main objective was to make the analysis of the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in the Tinbuktu area. The ratio was of two men for one woman, this male is observed in all circles except Niafunké where he had parity. The new cases of smear-positive cases represent 85% and the circle of Tinbuktu outwits the greatest number of TB patients in the region either 29.6% unlike Gourma RHAROUS 4.8 percent of the cases. By making the same crossing for therapeutic failure rate, we see that the single Goundam circle holds 50% of cases of failure of the region. Lost to rate is higher in the circle of Tinbuktu 46.7% Unlike Niafounké where this is 5.6%. Cases of tuberculosis in negative microscopy and pulmonary extra represent, respectively, 3.2 and 6.4 percent of cases of tuberculosis in the region of Tinbuktu. We have found a statistically significant relationship (P = 0. 004) between failed and death in the region. The fight against tuberculosis remains a struggle that deserves to require the attention of political power and vigilance of social health. ; Etude rétrospective de type transversal de janvier à juin 2009 dans la région de Tombouctou dans le cadre de la supervision spécifique des activités de lutte contre la tuberculose, dont l'objectif principal était de faire l'analyse de la situation épidémiologique de la tuberculose dans la région de Tombouctou. Le ratio était de 2 hommes pour une femme, cette prédominance masculine s'observait dans tous les cercles sauf à Niafounké où il avait une parité. Les nouveaux cas frottis positifs représentent 85% et le cercle de Tombouctou dépiste le plus grand nombre de tuberculeux de la région soit 29.6 % des cas contrairement à Gourma RHAROUS 4.8% des cas. En faisant le même croisement pour le taux d'échec thérapeutique, nous constatons que le cercle de Goundam seul détient 50% des cas d'échec de la région. Le taux de perdus de vue est plus élevé dans le cercle de Tombouctou soit 46,7% contrairement à Niafounké où ce taux est de 5,6 %. Les cas de Tuberculose à microscopie négative et les extra pulmonaires représentent respectivement 3,2 et 6,4% des cas de tuberculose de la région de Tombouctou. Nous avons retrouvé, une relation statistiquement significative (P=0 ,004) entre Echec et Décès dans toute la région. La lutte contre la tuberculose reste un combat qui mérite de requérir l'attention des pouvoirs politiques et la vigilance du personnel socio sanitaire.
Campaigns to circumcise millions of boys and men to reduce HIV transmission are being conducted throughout eastern and southern Africa, recommended by the World Health Organization and implemented by the United States government and Western NGOs. In the United States, proposals to mass-circumcise African and African American men are longstanding, and have historically relied on racist beliefs and stereotypes. The present campaigns were started in haste, without adequate contextual research, and the manner in which they have been carried out implies troubling assumptions about culture, health, and sexuality in Africa, as well as a failure to properly consider the economic determinants of HIV prevalence. This critical appraisal examines the history and politics of these circumcision campaigns while highlighting the relevance of race and colonialism. It argues that the "circumcision solution" to African HIV epidemics has more to do with cultural imperialism than with sound health policy, and concludes that African communities need a means of robust representation within the regime.
This study was undertaken to assess farmers' preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for various climate-smart interventions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The research outputs will be helpful in integrating farmers' choices with government programs in the selected regions. The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) was selected because it is highly vulnerable to climate change, which may adversely affect the sustainability of the rice-wheat production system and the food security of the region. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) can mitigate the negative impacts of climate change and improve the efficiency of the rice-wheat-based production system. CSA requires a complete package of practices to achieve the desired objectives, but adoption is largely dependent on farmers' preferences and their capacity and WTP. To assess farmers' choices and their WTP for the potential climate-smart technologies and other interventions, we used scoring and bidding protocols implemented through focus group meetings in two distinct regions of Eastern and Western IGP. We find that laser land leveling (LLL), crop insurance, and weather advisory services were the preferred interventions in Eastern IGP. Farmers preferred LLL, direct seeding, zero tillage, irrigation scheduling, and crop insurance in Western IGP. Through the bidding approach, farmers implicitly express their WTP for new technologies that could transform current agricultural practices into relatively low-carbon and more productive farming methods. But actual large-scale adoption of the preferred climate-smart technologies and other interventions would require access to funding as well as capacity building among technology promoters and users.
Much of the western United States is managed by state and federal agencies for multiple uses, including recreation, grazing, extraction, and defense. Biological inventories are integral to proper management and conservation of biodiversity on these lands. We surveyed for amphibians and reptiles occurring on Naval Air Station Fallon (NAS Fallon), Nevada, USA, using a variety of methods. We documented the presence of a majority of the amphibian and reptile species native to this region of the Great Basin. We found 5 species on NAS Fallon that are listed as Species of Conservation Priority by the Nevada Department of Wildlife: the Great Basin Spadefoot (Spea intermontana), Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas boreas), Northern Desert Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma platyrhinos platyrhinos), Long-nosed Leopard Lizard (Gambelia wizlizenii), and Great Basin Collared Lizard (Crotaphytus bicinctores). However, we found no evidence of any narrowly distributed species of conservation concern, such as the Northern Leopard Frog (Lithobates pipiens) or Northern Rubber Boa (Charina bottae), that could have occurred on installation lands based on historical or recent observations in nearby areas. Our results indicate that this property, while primarily used for military training, can support a diverse, representative herpetofaunal community. Therefore, NAS Fallon should be considered a valuable part of the network of state and federally managed lands necessary for regional conservation planning in the face of future change. Our study also provides a baseline against which future inventories of this federally managed land can be compared.
Much of the western United States is managed by state and federal agencies for multiple uses, including recreation, grazing, extraction, and defense. Biological inventories are integral to proper management and conservation of biodiversity on these lands. We surveyed for amphibians and reptiles occurring on Naval Air Station Fallon (NAS Fallon), Nevada, USA, using a variety of methods. We documented the presence of a majority of the amphibian and reptile species native to this region of the Great Basin. We found 5 species on NAS Fallon that are listed as Species of Conservation Priority by the Nevada Department of Wildlife: the Great Basin Spadefoot (Spea intermontana), Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas boreas), Northern Desert Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma platyrhinos platyrhinos), Long-nosed Leopard Lizard (Gambelia wizlizenii), and Great Basin Collared Lizard (Crotaphytus bicinctores). However, we found no evidence of any narrowly distributed species of conservation concern, such as the Northern Leopard Frog (Lithobates pipiens) or Northern Rubber Boa (Charina bottae), that could have occurred on installation lands based on historical or recent observations in nearby areas. Our results indicate that this property, while primarily used for military training, can support a diverse, representative herpetofaunal community. Therefore, NAS Fallon should be considered a valuable part of the network of state and federally managed lands necessary for regional conservation planning in the face of future change. Our study also provides a baseline against which future inventories of this federally managed land can be compared.
Wilson and Zaki describe a "Novel Clitoral Reconstruction and Coverage With Sensate Labial Flaps" as a "potential remedy" for women who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C).1 We would like to discuss some scientific and ethical issues in relation to clitoral reconstruction (CR) surgery, touching on sociocultural, political, interpersonal, and psychological factors involved in promoting psychosexual health of women and girls with FGM/C.
In: Soane , BD , Ball , BC , Arvidsson , J , Basch , G , Moreno , F & Roger-Estrade , J 2012 , ' No-till in northern, western and south-western Europe: a review of problems and opportunities for crop production and the environment ' , Soil and Tillage Research , vol. 118 , pp. 66 - 87 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2011.10.015
Recent literature on no-till is reviewed with particular emphasis on research on commercial uptake and environmental concerns in northern, western and south-western Europe. Increased interest in no-till, and minimum or reduced tillage, results from changes in the economic circumstances of crop production, the opportunity to increase the area of more profitable autumn-sown crops and increased concern about environmental damage associated with soil inversion by ploughing. Highly contrasting soil and climate types within and between these regions exert a strong influence on the success of no-till. While no-till may often result in crop yields which equal or exceed those obtained after ploughing, modest reductions in yield may be tolerated if production costs are lower than with ploughing. The relative costs of fuel and herbicides have changed appreciably in recent years making no-till more attractive commercially. While effective weed control is an essential aspect of no-till, current herbicide technology may not yet fully achieve this. In northern regions no-till usually allows earlier drilling of winter-sown crops but will give lower soil temperature and higher moisture content in spring, causing delayed drilling of spring-sown crops. Notill soils have greater bulk density and bearing capacity than ploughed soils with a pronounced vertical orientation of macroporosity allowing penetration of roots and water, especially in view of the increased population of deep-burrowing earthworms. Particular care must be taken with no-till to minimise soil damage at harvest and to ensure the even distribution of crop residues prior to drilling. Reduced erosion and runoff after adoption of no-till are widely observed and are of particular importance in southwestern Europe. No-till reduces losses of phosphorus in runoff and, in some cases, reduces the loss of nitrate through leaching. Emissions of greenhouse gases CO2 and N2O from no-till soils are highly variable and depend on complex interactions of soil properties. Emission of CO2 from fuel during machinery usage is always appreciably reduced with no-till. Increased soil organic carbon in surface layers of no-till soils is widely found but may not be associated with increased carbon sequestration throughout the profile. The evaluation of the relative carbon balance for no-till and ploughing depends upon complex inter-relationships between soil and climate factors which are as yet poorly understood. Adoption of no-till could be encouraged by government financial assistance in recognition of environmental benefits, although future restrictions on the use of herbicides may be a deterrent. Opportunities for further research on no-till are outlined. 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Amines and other nitrogen-containing compounds, due to their electron donor character, can form excited state emissive complexes in systems that comprise an electron acceptor. Sulphur-containing heteroaromatic compounds such as phenoxathiin are also well-known for their electron donor character. Starting from these two considerations, we aimed at finding exciplexes in which the electron donor contains sulphur. We studied several D-A pairs in solvents of different polarity and found out that the system phenoxathiin-thioxanthone presents a new emission band at longer wavelength than the D and A bands in non-polar solvents, which is quenched in polar ones. In order to explain the exciplex formation, which is determined by an electron transfer process, the standard free enthalpy for the latter was calculated according to the Rehm-Weller equation. The equilibrium constants and the activation barrier for the exciplex formation were determined as well from steady-state emission data at different donor concentrations and at different temperatures, respectively.
Breast Cancer Now. Grant Number: 2015MayPR515 ; National Institute for Health Research. Grant Numbers: IS‐BRC‐1215‐20007, NF‐SI‐0513‐10076 ; Prevent Breast Cancer. Grant Numbers: GA09‐002, GA11‐002 ; Cancer Research UK. Grant Numbers: C1287/A10118, C1287/A16563, C569/A16891 ; National Institutes of Health. Grant Numbers: X01HG007492, U19 CA148065 ; Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Grant Number: GPH‐129344 ; Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme. Grant Numbers: 634935, 633784 ; European Union. Grant Number: HEALTH‐F2‐2009‐223175
