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This volume intends to re-establish social gerontology as a discipline that has pragmatic links to policy and practice. Collectively, the chapters enrich public debates about the moral, cultural and economic questions surrounding aging, thereby ameliorating the "problems" associated with aging societies. This volume is uniquely cross-cultural, theory-driven and cross-disciplinary. It fills a gap in the gerontological scholarship of the global south that is predominantly descriptive and empirical. Based on original research, this volume examines in particular the sociological question of inequality and its intersection with age, gender, health, family and social relations. In the process, the studies herein highlight the unique historical, institutional and social systems that govern the subjective experience of aging in diverse contexts globally. Specifically, societies in transition including India, Lebanon, Nigeria, Japan, China, Israel and in Europe are studied while connecting the micro-social experience of aging (loneliness, wellbeing, discrimination, relationships and resilience) with larger temporal and political contexts. This exercise generates intellectual capital that reformulates links between aging research and policy in innovative ways. Overall, the volume echoes the global scientific commitment to understand the socio-cultural process of aging in transitional societies and utilizes rich opportunities for cross-fertilization of ideas, disciplines and methods to advance the gerontological promise of critical inquiry, training and practice

Contents -- 1 Genesis -- 1.1 Initial Construction of the Old City of Lhasa -- 1.1.1 Pre-urban Lhasa and Nearby Regions -- 1.1.2 Lhasa During Tupo Dynasty -- 1.1.3 Lhasa During the Sakya and Phagmodru Periods -- 1.1.3.1 The Central Government's Administration of Tibet During the Sakya Dynasty -- 1.1.3.2 Building of Lhasa During the Sakya Dyanasty -- 1.1.3.3 Central Government's Management of Tibet During the Phagmodru Dynasty -- 1.1.3.4 Lhasa Urban Construction During Phagmodru Dynasty -- 1.2 Formation of the Old City of Lhasa -- 1.2.1 Urban Construction Between 17th Century and 19th Century -- 1.2.2 From Early 20th Century to Early Post-peaceful Liberation Period -- 1.2.2.1 Social Reform Initiated by Tibet Ambans Prior to Xinhai Revolution -- 1.2.2.2 Lhasa in Republic of China Era -- 1.2.2.3 Social Change and Construction After Peaceful Liberation -- References -- 2 Lhasa City's Formation and Multiple Historical Factors -- 2.1 Influence of Natural Environment -- 2.1.1 Natural Conditions of Tibet and Implications to City Building -- 2.1.2 Natural Conditions of Lhasa -- 2.2 Lhasa as a Political Center -- 2.2.1 Tupo Dynasty: Lhasa Became a Capital -- 2.2.2 Ganden Phodrang Regime Established Capital in Lhasa -- 2.2.2.1 Construction During the Reign of the Fifth Dalai Lama -- 2.2.2.2 Post-5th Dalai Lama Lhasa Development -- 2.2.3 The Amban System: Establishment and Continuation -- 2.2.3.1 Lhasa Northward Expansion as a Result of the Tzashen Military Camp -- 2.2.3.2 Construction of Lubuk Yamen and the City's Expansion Towards Southwest -- 2.2.3.3 Evolution Into a Multiple-Cultural City -- 2.2.3.4 Mongolian Influence -- 2.3 Lhasa as a Religious Center -- 2.3.1 Importation of Buddhism -- 2.3.1.1 Songtsen Gampo's Introduction of Buddhism -- 2.3.1.2 Monastery-Building During Tupo Dynasty -- 2.3.2 Rise of Gelugpa

This volume applies the science of complexity to study coupled human-environment systems (CHES) and integrates ideas from the social sciences of climate change into a study of rural development amid flooding and urbanization in the Poyang Lake Region (PLR) of China. Author Qing Tian operationalizes the concept of sustainability and provides useful scientific analyses for sustainable development in less developed rural areas that are vulnerable to climatic hazards. The book uses a new sustainability framework that is centered on the concept of well-being to study rural development in PLR. The PLR study includes three major analyses: (1) a regional assessment of human well-being; (2) an empirical analysis of rural livelihoods; and (3) an agent-based computer model used to explore future rural development. These analyses provide a meaningful view of human development in the Poyang Lake Region and illustrate some of the complex local- and macro-level processes that shape the livelihoods of rural households in the dynamic process of urbanization. They generate useful insights about how government policy might effectively improve the well-being of rural households and promote sustainable development amid social, economic, and environmental changes. This case study has broader implications. Rural populations in the developing world are disproportionally affected by extreme climate events and climate change. Furthermore, the livelihoods of rural households in the developing world are increasingly under the influences of macro-level forces amid urbanization and globalization. This case study demonstrates that rural development policies must consider broader development dynamics at the national (and even global) level, as well as specific local social and environmental contexts. By treating climate as one of many factors that affect development in such places, we can provide policy recommendations that synergistically promote development and reduce climatic impacts and therefore facilitate mainstreaming climate adaptation into development.

The innovation learning demands of sophomore students taking "principle" course in China are explored through questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, independent sample T-test and comparing study, are used to verify demand-side opinions about innovation education in the "principle" course. Around 94% sophomore student want the courses reformed by innovation education, to improve the innovation spirit and enhance the innovation ability, without significant gender difference. The majority sophomore students demand specific teaching resources of communist innovative model and in the form of gameplay teaching. And the "principle" innovative model education applied in curriculum, can enhance the supply-side structural reform of ideological and political courses. The Findings can be applied in the curriculum design, by furthering the combination of "principle" innovative model teaching resources with gameplay teaching form.

Township governance is the foundation of national governance, related to the vital interests of ordinary people, affecting the stability and development of the country. At present, China's economic growth are entering adjustment after transformation, the development and changes of the
economic foundation needs a new concept of social governance, grassroots governance must
focus on the new era of new requirements, from a strategic height to grasp the law of development
of the township governance, governance from the Angle of practice innovation, promote social
governance system construction needs to insist on the guidance, this article through to the horizontal drain in the town of Dongguan city, Guangdong province in grass-roots community diversity
co-govermnet everybody is responsible for building, everyone is responsible for all the analysis of
the community of social governance of exploration and practice, put forward to further improve
township government countermeasures for establishing a new system of rural governance. In
Hengli Town, positive measures are explored to improve the township level administrative management system and promote collaborative innovation of rural social governance in township governance
capacity, providing reference for building a new system of rural governance and exploring the
township level administrative management system.