Suchergebnisse

Sample groups of children (n = 50) and adults (n = 38) were selected from pools of 207 children, (11-13-year olds from two primary schools) and 94 adults (25-44-year olds from four governmental agencies) who were the subjects of an oral health survey among Tibetans living in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region. Mean ages of the study groups of children (38% females) and adults (61% females) were 11.6 ± 0.9 and 37.1 ± 6.1 years, respectively. All had lived in Tibet since birth. Oral rinse samples were selective cultured to isolate, quantify and speciate aerobic and facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods (using the API 20E kit) and yeasts (using API 20C AUX and API ZYM kits). For children, the isolation rates for oral coliform bacteria and yeasts were 84 and 14%, respectively, for adults, the respective rates were 26 and 40%. The corresponding quantities of coliforms/yeasts for children and adults were 0.4 ± 1.6 × 103 c.f.u./15.8 ± 72.3 and 0.2 ± 0.6 × 103 c.f.u./57.2 ± 137.5 c.f.u. per millilitre oral rinse, respectively. Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, a free-Living saprophytic and ubiquitous bacterial species of wide geographic distribution, were significantly more frequently recovered from the children's oral rinses. The isolation rates of facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods in adults and yeasts in both groups were similar to those found in similar cohorts from southern China in earlier studies. Randomly amplified polymeric DNA analysis showed that the S. maltophilia spp. isolated from children were of several different clonal types and were school specific. This study shows that the colonisation rate of facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods in adults and yeasts in both groups are similar to those in populations living at lower altitudes, the native young, urban Tibetans appear to exhibit a high oral carriage rate of S. maltophilia spp. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. ; postprint

The United Nations Integrated Civil Society database was utilized in empirical case studies of UN-affiliated civil society organizations (CSOs) in a spatial comparison as to whether they were headquartered in developed or developing nations. The purpose was to gauge plurality/proportionality in the representation of CSOs by world region within the UN-Economic and Social Council consultative status program. Findings indicate substantial variation in regional representation of CSOs within the UN consultative status framework with developed regions represented to a greater degree proportionate to their populations. Both Africa and Asia were underrepresented relative to their proportions of global population. The findings challenge perceptions that the UN relationship with civil society reflects regional pluralism as reflected via proportional representation.

Defenders of male circumcision increasingly argue that female 'circumcision' (cutting of the clitoral hood or labia) should be legally allowed in Western liberal democracies even when non-consensual. In his target article, Richard Shweder (2022) gives perhaps the most persuasive articulation of this argument to have so far appeared in the literature. In my own work, I argue that no person should be subjected to medically unnecessary genital cutting of any kind without their own informed consent, regardless of the sex characteristics with which they were born or the religious or cultural background of their parents. Professor Shweder and I agree that Western law and policy on child genital cutting is currently beset with cultural, religious and sex-based double standards. We disagree about what should be done about this. In this commentary, I argue that 'legalising' childhood FGC so as to bring it into line with current treatment of childhood MGC is not an acceptable solution to these problems. Instead, all medically unnecessary genital cutting of non-consenting persons should be opposed on moral and legal grounds and discouraged by all appropriate means.

The age-structures of rabbit populations at 4 climatically different sites in South Australia were found to have altered significantly since the introduction of Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale) as a vector of myxomatosis. The ratio of young of the year to older rabbits in summer was greatly reduced. There was evidence of decreases in size of all observed populations and (for 1 population) in ability to increase rapidly in favourable years. The ratio of young of the year to older rabbits was a convenient and sensitive index of changes in population structure; for analytical purposes, the log transformation (ln [ratio] or ln [ratio + 1]) was biologically and statistically sound. Since the fleas became established, field-strain viruses may have become more virulent and morbidity rates may have increased, but the factors enabling rabbit fleas to enhance myxomatosis as a cause of mortality are unknown. The apparent virulence may have increased because of selection for viruses of high virulence, which are best suited for transmission by S. cuniculi, and possibly because the dose of virus transmitted by fleas is considerably greater than that by mosquitoes or other agents.

Rabbits given an excess of air-dry food but only small amounts of drinking water had a lower food intake and lost more weight than those given food and water freely. They lost weight because they had less digesta in the gut and less water in the skin, and had catabolized more tissue. Their response to water shortage was similar to that seen in other grazing mammals. With low food intake, gut contents fell and the digestibility of food rose, while the daily mass of and water loss in faeces fell; the moisture content in faeces remaining the same. Dehydrated rabbits produced relatively small amounts of urine, up to 1.9 M urea, which was twice as concentrated as that of rabbits given water freely. The rabbits were not able to reduce their requirement for water to less than 55% of their total intake of food and water. As pasture species in mediterranean-type environments become relatively dry in summer and contain only 10 to 5% water, a shortage of water in natural pastures in those areas may, therefore, limit the amount of food which rabbits can use, and the ability of rabbits to survive in summer would, therefore, depend upon the availability of succulent, drought-resistant perennial vegetation.

Shortage of water in natural pastures led to a sharp decline in a large rabbit population in arid, northeastern
South Australia. The pastures were dry and some rabbits drank at springs and water troughs.
Further from water, rabbits climbed trees and shrubs to obtain succulent leaves and twigs. Rabbits
provided with water maintained their weight and apparently survived better than those which did not
drink. It seems unlikely that the rabbits lost weight because the water shortage reduced the amount of dry
food they could eat. In caged rabbits, water shortage limits food intake but also results in low gut fill;
whereas the wild rabbits had the normal amount of digesta in their guts. It is more likely that, as the
pastures became dry, rabbits ate woody twigs and bark which were moist enough to meet their water
requirements but contained too little digestible energy for maintenance. The water shortage apparently
arose because rabbits were numerous and had eaten out the succulent pasture plants. Normally, it takes a
long drought to reduce arid-zone plants to dry straw, and overgrazing is probably the usual cause of a
lack of adequate water for rabbits.

Rabbits could be controlled by various combinations of warren ripping, poisoning and fumigation, without the need for clearing roadside Eucalyptus spp.

Retrospective study of transverse type from January to June 2009 in the Tinbuktu area for specific supervision of activities to combat tuberculosis, whose main objective was to make the analysis of the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in the Tinbuktu area. The ratio was of two men for one woman, this male is observed in all circles except Niafunké where he had parity. The new cases of smear-positive cases represent 85% and the circle of Tinbuktu outwits the greatest number of TB patients in the region either 29.6% unlike Gourma RHAROUS 4.8 percent of the cases. By making the same crossing for therapeutic failure rate, we see that the single Goundam circle holds 50% of cases of failure of the region. Lost to rate is higher in the circle of Tinbuktu 46.7% Unlike Niafounké where this is 5.6%. Cases of tuberculosis in negative microscopy and pulmonary extra represent, respectively, 3.2 and 6.4 percent of cases of tuberculosis in the region of Tinbuktu. We have found a statistically significant relationship (P = 0. 004) between failed and death in the region. The fight against tuberculosis remains a struggle that deserves to require the attention of political power and vigilance of social health. ; Etude rétrospective de type transversal de janvier à juin 2009 dans la région de Tombouctou dans le cadre de la supervision spécifique des activités de lutte contre la tuberculose, dont l'objectif principal était de faire l'analyse de la situation épidémiologique de la tuberculose dans la région de Tombouctou. Le ratio était de 2 hommes pour une femme, cette prédominance masculine s'observait dans tous les cercles sauf à Niafounké où il avait une parité. Les nouveaux cas frottis positifs représentent 85% et le cercle de Tombouctou dépiste le plus grand nombre de tuberculeux de la région soit 29.6 % des cas contrairement à Gourma RHAROUS 4.8% des cas. En faisant le même croisement pour le taux d'échec thérapeutique, nous constatons que le cercle de Goundam seul détient 50% des cas d'échec de la région. Le taux de perdus de vue est plus élevé dans le cercle de Tombouctou soit 46,7% contrairement à Niafounké où ce taux est de 5,6 %. Les cas de Tuberculose à microscopie négative et les extra pulmonaires représentent respectivement 3,2 et 6,4% des cas de tuberculose de la région de Tombouctou. Nous avons retrouvé, une relation statistiquement significative (P=0 ,004) entre Echec et Décès dans toute la région. La lutte contre la tuberculose reste un combat qui mérite de requérir l'attention des pouvoirs politiques et la vigilance du personnel socio sanitaire.

The legislative agenda in most parliamentary systems is controlled tightly by the government and bills offered by individual members of parliament have low rates of success. Yet, members of parliament (MPs) do seek to present (private) members' bills even where the rate of adoption is very low. We argue that members' bills serve as an electoral connection but also as an opportunity for MPs to signal competence to their co-partisans. To demonstrate the presence of an electoral connection we take advantage of the random selection of private members' bills in the New Zealand House of Representatives and show that survey respondents approve more of electorate MPs whose bills were drawn on the ballot. In addition, we show that MPs respond to the incentives created by the voters and parties' willingness to reward legislative effort and, consequently, that electorally vulnerable legislators are more likely to place members' bills on the ballot.

Breast Cancer Now. Grant Number: 2015MayPR515 ; National Institute for Health Research. Grant Numbers: IS‐BRC‐1215‐20007, NF‐SI‐0513‐10076 ; Prevent Breast Cancer. Grant Numbers: GA09‐002, GA11‐002 ; Cancer Research UK. Grant Numbers: C1287/A10118, C1287/A16563, C569/A16891 ; National Institutes of Health. Grant Numbers: X01HG007492, U19 CA148065 ; Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Grant Number: GPH‐129344 ; Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme. Grant Numbers: 634935, 633784 ; European Union. Grant Number: HEALTH‐F2‐2009‐223175

ICCU, ; Mode of access: Internet. ; El nombre del autor consta en la dedicatoria. ; ICCU da como fecha probable de edición 1614. ; El lugar de impresión es falso, el ICCU da Venecia como probable lugar. ; Sign.: A-S4

We agree with Karen Levy and Joseph Eisenberg that observational studies of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions with carefully designed counterfactuals can play a valuable role in generating evidence on effectiveness, particularly in urban settings. Randomised controlled trials for community-level WASH infrastructure interventions are not always feasible in urban settings, because of the political and logistical constraints of defining treatment and control groups; strong observational designs could help fill the gap.1 With increasing urbanisation in Asia and Africa, WASH intervention studies in low-income urban communities will be crucial for informing strategies to meet Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 6.1: to achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all. ; AJPi, BFA, CN, MR, and CPS report grants and other support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, during this study. JMC received salary support and University of California, Berkeley, received the prime award funding for the conduct of the WASH Benefits trials in Bangladesh and Kenya. JHH reports grants from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Department for International Development (UK Government), and Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation