Suchergebnisse

Increasing the perception of legal risk via publicized litigation and lobbying for copyright law enforcement has had limited success in reducing unlawful content sharing by the public. We consider the extent to which engaging in file sharing online is motivated by the perceived benefits of this activity as opposed to perceived legal risks. Moreover, we explore moderators of the relationship between perceived risk and perceived benefits; namely, trust in industry and legal regulators, and perceived online anonymity. We examine these questions via a large two‐part survey of consumers of music (n = 658) and eBooks (n = 737). We find that perceptions of benefit, but not of legal risk, predict stated file‐sharing behavior. An affect heuristic is employed: as perceived benefit increases, perceived risk falls. This relationship is increased under high regulator and industry trust (which actually increases perceived risk in this study) and low anonymity (which also increases perceived risk). We propose that, given the limited impact of perceived legal risk upon unlawful downloading, it would be better for the media industries to target enhancing the perceived benefit and availability of lawful alternatives.

Abstract
In the present research, we examined fan entitlement among members of the furry fandom – a group of people with a shared interest in media and activities that feature anthropomorphic animals (animals given human-like features). We surveyed both fans and content creators in the fandom, which allowed us to test several predictors of fan entitlement (e.g., stigmatization, age) and the relationship between fan entitlement and perceptions of fan entitlement among artists. The results are then contextualized within well-known psychological processes (e.g., the availability heuristic), laying the groundwork for future research on the processes underlying fan entitlement and its effects. Implications of the results are discussed for three different bodies of research: research on the furry fandom specifically, research on fan entitlement more broadly, and research on fan/creator relationships in general.

Alfred Hitchcock's Vertigo and the Hermeneutic Spiral -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Figures -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Hermeneutic Spiral -- 3 Vertigo -- What, Then, Are the Basic Facts? -- Iconographic Analyses Limited to the Work Itself -- Formal Analyses Limited to the Work Itself -- Iconographic Analyses Expanding Beyond the Work Itself -- Documentable Contexts Outside the Work: Hitchcock Himself -- Documentable Contexts Outside the Work: Hitchcock's Collaborators -- "Friendly" Psychoanalytic Readings -- "Friendly" Non-Psychoanalytical Readings -- "Unfriendly" or "Resisting" Readings -- Comparative Models: Inexhaustibility by Contrast -- Positions on the Hermeneutic Spiral -- 4 Forcing Insight with Sight and the Availability Heuristic -- The Title Sequence -- 5 Vertigo, Duchamp's Anémic Cinéma and a Žižekian Brassiere -- 6 Vertigo, Man Ray's L'Etoile de mer, and Flowers -- 7 Vertigo, Kubrick's The Shining, Spellbound and Liberty -- 8 Vertigo, Lynch's Twin Peaks and the Record Player -- 9 Vertigo, Etrog's Spiral, The Shining and Traumatic Memory -- 10 Vertigo, The Shining, Spatial Mental Models and the Uncanny -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Index

ObjectiveThis study examines the effect of negative publicity that arose from public notices of child abuse allegations in the Catholic Church on the enrollment share and number of Catholic schools in the United States.MethodFitting least square regressions using diocese‐level panel data of Catholic school enrollment share and number of Catholic schools.ResultsI show that the reports of abuse prior to 2002 had no effect on enrollment. Yet, reports since 2002 have had a negative and long‐lasting effect and explain about two‐thirds of the decline in Catholic schooling. These are substantially larger declines than suggested in previous studies.ConclusionI argue that the differing responses to the public notices of child abuse between these two periods are derived from the availability heuristic. This is driven from a fundamental difference in media coverage of the scandal prior to 2002 and afterward. Allegations of child abuse in the Catholic Church received emphatic coverage only after 2002.

Scholars of public opinion on military intervention agree that survey respondents make judgments from limited information. Yet researchers still question whether ordinary Americans reflect elite attitudes or instead reach their own "pretty prudent" conclusions from the stated principal policy objective (PPO). This article adjudicates the debate while incorporating lessons from the study of bounded rationality. Evidence comes from an original data set of aggregate US public opinion, covering 1,080 nationally representative survey items about launching operations, across thirty-five countries, during 1981 to 2016. Tests show that PPO matters: pursuing "internal policy change" is less popular than restraining international aggression. However, language reflecting White House cues and one prominent cognitive shortcut (the "availability heuristic") statistically and substantively outperforms PPO at predicting intervention support. The results indicate that when ordinary Americans are polled about using force against salient foes (Saddam Hussein, al-Qaeda, Islamic State in Iraq and Syria), elements of bounded rationality can overtake the prudence expressed toward less vivid problems.

Scholars of public opinion on military intervention agree that survey respondents make judgments from limited information. Yet researchers still question whether ordinary Americans reflect elite attitudes or instead reach their own "pretty prudent" conclusions from the stated principal policy objective (PPO). This article adjudicates the debate while incorporating lessons from the study of bounded rationality. Evidence comes from an original data set of aggregate US public opinion, covering 1,080 nationally representative survey items about launching operations, across thirty-five countries, during 1981 to 2016. Tests show that PPO matters: pursuing "internal policy change" is less popular than restraining international aggression. However, language reflecting White House cues and one prominent cognitive shortcut (the "availability heuristic") statistically and substantively outperforms PPO at predicting intervention support. The results indicate that when ordinary Americans are polled about using force against salient foes (Saddam Hussein, al-Qaeda, Islamic State in Iraq and Syria), elements of bounded rationality can overtake the prudence expressed toward less vivid problems.

Does nuclear weapon development embolden national leaders to engage in more assertive foreign policies? Despite the importance of this question to international security studies, the nuclear emboldenment hypothesis has received little attention. This article develops a theoretical explanation of emboldenment grounded in social psychology and uses translated archival sources and secondary studies to test it on the cases of Nikita Khrushchev and Mao Zedong. The results suggest that the dangers of nuclear emboldenment, while real, are substantially less than usually assumed. Biases associated with the availability heuristic cause leaders of new nuclear powers to authorize dangerous coercive policies in the short-term. However, the fear they experience at the nuclear brink causes them and their successors to authorize moderate policies in the longer-run. Findings achieved through case study analysis lead to the conclusion that nuclear proliferation is dangerous when leaders believe that nuclear coercion is safe, but becomes safe when they learn that nuclear coercion is dangerous.

When do government policies induce responsive political participation? This study tests two hypotheses in the context of military draft policies. First, policy-induced risk motivates political participation. Second, contextual-level moderators, such as local events that make risk particularly salient, may intensify the effect of risk on participation. I use the random assignment of induction priority in the Vietnam draft lotteries to measure the effect of a son's draft risk on the voter turnout of his parents in the 1972 presidential election. I find higher rates of turnout among parents of men with 'losing' draft lottery numbers. Among parents from towns with at least one prior war casualty, I find a 7 to 9 percentage point effect of a son's draft risk on his parents' turnout. The local casualty contextual-level moderator is theorized to operate through the mechanism of an availability heuristic, whereby parents from towns with casualties could more readily imagine the adverse consequences of draft risk. Adapted from the source document.

Enforcement is a costly endeavor. Thus, governments ought to be innovative in designing less costly policies, yet, effective in preventing crime. To this end, this paper suggests using insights from behavioral law and economics. Empirical evidence demonstrates that police have an important effect in deterring crime. However, increasing the number of policemen is a costly policy. Therefore, this paper explores policy changes, which exploit offender's ambiguity aversion in order to reduce crime without increasing the police force. Namely, empirical evidence suggests that criminals are better deterred by ambiguous detection. Thus, this paper analyzes the ways to randomize the apprehension strategies to meet this end. Furthermore, it provides new evidence, based on a survey carried out for the purpose of this paper, that potential violators are largely not aware of policy changes. Inasmuch as the information regarding the intensified uncertainty is essential to its success, this paper discusses the possibility to increase criminals' awareness through the "availability heuristic."

Front Cover -- Forensic Investigations -- Forensic Investigations: An Introduction -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- A SHIFT IN LAW ENFORCEMENT CHARACTER -- A SHIFT IN FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERPRETATIONS -- OUR GOALS -- REFERENCES -- 1 - Forensic Investigations: A Primer -- CORPUS DELICTI -- FORENSIC NECESSITY: EVERYBODY LIES -- THE FORENSIC INVESTIGATOR -- FORENSIC -- FORENSIC SCIENCE -- FORENSIC SCIENTISTS/FORENSIC EXAMINERS -- INVESTIGATORS/INVESTIGATIONS -- FORENSIC INVESTIGATORS -- DATA INTEGRITY -- FORENSIC INVESTIGATIONS: THE BIG PICTURE -- FORENSIC FACTS VERSUS POLITICAL REALITY -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Law and Evidence1 -- THE PILLARS OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM -- ACADEMIA -- LAW ENFORCEMENT -- FORENSIC SERVICES -- THE JUDICIARY -- CORRECTIONS -- THE ADVERSARIAL SYSTEM -- THE PROSECUTION -- THE DEFENSE -- SCIENTIFIC FACT VERSUS LEGAL TRUTH -- EXPERTS, EVIDENCE, AND ADMISSIBILITY -- EVIDENCE -- CHAIN OF CUSTODY -- EXPERT EVIDENCE -- The Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE, 2011) -- Article VII. Opinions and Expert Testimony -- CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS -- THE RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS -- BRADY V. MARYLAND (1963) -- THE RIGHT TO "EFFECTIVE" COUNSEL -- MELENDEZ-DIAZ (2009) -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Investigative Ethics -- UNDERSTANDING ETHICS -- ETHICS AND MORALITY -- ETHICAL DILEMMAS -- PROFESSIONAL ETHICS -- DUTY OF CARE -- THE FORENSIC INVESTIGATOR -- EMPLOYERS AND FITNESS FOR DUTY -- BIAS -- AN ETHICAL CANON FOR THE FORENSIC INVESTIGATOR -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Investigators and the Scientific Method -- REFLECTION AND METACOGNITION -- CRITICAL THINKING -- THE POLYGRAPH -- THE FBI -- THE PROBLEM -- THE AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC AND THE PROBLEM WITH EXPERIENCE -- SCIENCE VERSUS SCIENTIFIC METHOD -- SCIENCE AS FALSIFICATION -- LOGICAL FALLACIES -- POISONING THE WELL

Reference points -- Reference based decisions in finance / Fernando Zapatero -- Professionalism and sophistication effects in finance -- Individuals investment in financial structured products from rational and behavioral choice perspectives / Moran Ofir and Zvi Wiener -- Is investor rationality time varying? : evidence from the mutual fund industry / Vincent Glode, Burton Hollifield, Marcin Kacperczyk and Shimon Kogan -- Are domestic household investors better performers than foreign institutions? : new evidence from Finland / Peter L. Swan and P. Joakim Westerholm -- Culture and gender effects -- The assessment of risk behavior : a cross-cultural analysis using the Dospert scale / Wolfgang Breuer, Jana Anette Kollath, Astrid Juliane Salzmann and Rudiger von Nitzsch -- Fear of negative evaluation, culture, gender, and financial welfare / Na Young Park -- Gender and personal finance management / Zohar Rusou , Moty Amar and Shahar Ayal -- Finance and the media -- The role of emotions in decision making : theory, evidence, and examples from media psychology / Gregory Gurevich and Doron Kliger -- Firm disclosure, media and the capital markets / Doron Kliger and Smadar Siev -- Heuristics and experiments in finance -- Heuristics and biases in the Israeli mortgage market / Yevgeny Mugerman, Moran Ofir and Zvi Wiener -- The availability heuristic and other psychological aspects of investors' reactions to company-specific events / Doron Kliger and Andrey Kudryavtsev -- Uniform or discriminatory auctions : endogenizing bidder's choice in divisible goods auctions / Menachem Brenner, Dan Galai and Orly Sade -- Factors affecting the impact of investors' horizon on asset allocation decisions : an -- Experimental exploration / Moty Amar and Yoram Kroll

Purpose
Because online shopping is risky, there is a strong need to develop better presentation of online reviews, which may reduce the perceived risk and create more pleasurable shopping experiences. To test the impact of online reviews' sentiment polarity presentation, the purpose of this paper is to adopt a scenario experiment to study consumers' decision-making process under the two scenarios of mixed presentation and classified presentation of online reviews collected from Jingdong.com in China: focusing on the comparative analysis on the differences of the consumers' perceived risk, purchase intention and purchase delay, and further studying the interaction effect of involvement and online reviews' sentiment polarity presentation.


Design/methodology/approach
This paper employed a 2×2 factorial experiment to test the hypothesis. The experimental design is divided into four groups: 2 (online reviews' sentiment polarity presentation: mixed presentation vs classified presentation) × 2 (involvement: low vs high), each of which contains 90 samples. Through the data analysis, the main effect, mediation effect and moderating effect were examined.


Findings
The results show that compared with mixed presentation, classified presentation can reduce purchase intention and increase purchase delay due to the existence of loss aversion and availability heuristic. Furthermore, the paper also confirms that there is a significant interaction effect between involvement and online reviews' sentiment polarity presentation.


Originality/value
The existing research pays less attention to the impact of online reviews presentation on consumers' decision making, especially the lack of discussion on the interaction effect between involvement and online reviews presentation. For this reason, this paper proposes a problem, which concerns whether mixed presentation and classified presentation of online reviews will affect consumers' decision making differently.

In recent years, it has been made possible to compose exiting services when a user's request cannot be satisfied by a single web service. Web service composition is faced with several challenges among which is the rapid growth in the number of available web services leading to increased number of web services offering the same functionalities. The difference between similar services is Quality of Service (QoS) consisting of various non-functional factors such as execution time, availability, security, etc. As a result, multiple choices are possible in making a composition plan. Among numerous plans, selecting a composition plan that fulfills customer's requirements has become an important and time-consuming problem. In this paper, the researchers propose a semi-heuristic genetic algorithm that is a combination of both a heuristic method and the genetic algorithm. This heuristic method changes chromosomes based on unsatisfied constraints. Research findings show that the proposed method can be applied to find a composition plan that satisfies user's requirements more efficiently than other methods.

Scholarship on security communities often invokes a common goal: for war to become unthinkable. Unthinkable here means impossible, and states are considered to be most secure when war is unthinkable between them. Interestingly, the term unthinkable appears in policy discourse with nearly the opposite meaning, referring to wars that are eminently possible but horrifying to contemplate, such as war with a nuclear Iran. Taking this discrepancy as my starting point, I propose that the social phenomenon of unthinkability is not well understood and that a deeper understanding of it can point toward new directions for research on security communities. I conceptualize unthinkability along two dimensions, empirical availability and normative acceptability, combining these to create four distinct types of unthinkability. I then use this typology as a heuristic device to identify research directions on security communities and on the phenomenon of unthinkable war.

What is the role of arms in insurgency? Despite growing attention to the study of conflict and non-state belligerents, the linkages between weapons and armed conflict have remained under-researched. This paper explores practices and processes of firearms availability and control in insurgencies and argues that these should be understood in mutual relation with the constitution and distribution of authority. The contributions of the article are twofold. By conceptually systematizing recent shifts in the literature on civil wars and elaborating on small arms and light weapons research, it offers a novel heuristic framework to understand weapons-insurgency relations that revolves around the concept of firearms as "meta-resources" and gestures towards non-deterministic approaches. Second, based on empirical analysis conducted through two embedded case studies, it argues that patterns of authority in the insurgencies taken into consideration in Myanmar and Ukraine dialectically emerged with processes of arms acquisition by armed non-state actors.