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The increasing of fund had followed the investment bank growth between 1990-1997. Different type of institution also has different loan pricing between commercial bank and investment bank. Basically their differences depend on several factors like these: sources of fund, government rules, borrower's relationship, market share, and accounting principles. The aims of this research purpose are testing the differences loan pricing between commercial bank and investment bank before crises period. Variables use in this research is types of bank institution, loan duration, loan amount, collateral, and listing Borrowers Company. Controlling variables are industry and term of loan contract. The testing is also for the level of asymmetry information by listed and non-listed borrowers, versus foreign and domestic lenders. For statistic inferential test is using by Ordinary Least Squares regression with white correction heteroscedasticity. Data collection comes from Dealscan database support by LPC (Loan Pricing Corporation). Meanwhile, the data sampling are before crises start from 1990 until 1997. Finally this research result has proven there are any differences between commercial bank and investment bank borrowing. Therefore, commercial bank more focus on lender come from and investment bank more serious attention to borrower's types. The commercial bank get better than investment bank, even both of them still only look at the general factors, for instance; maturity, collateral, and borrowing types .

The Basel III Accord imposes minimum liquidity standards on bank balance sheets that are already constrained by minimum capital standards. It is not clear whether or how banks' behaviors will change in this new joint-constraint regime. To gain some insight, we study the balance sheet liquidity behavior of U.S. banking companies in response to negative equity capital shocks prior to the implementation of Basel III. Our 1998-2012 data indicate that banks treated regulatory capital and balance sheet liquidity (e.g., net stable funding ratios, core deposits-to-loans, liquid assets-to-assets) as substitutes rather than complements. This main finding is limited to so-called 'community banks' with assets less than $1 billion; equity capital and liquidity were neither substitutes nor complements at larger banks. In the course of rebuilding their capital ratios, shocked community banks substituted away from loans and loan commitments and reduced their dividend payouts, actions that resulted in greater balance sheet liquidity. Thus, in the state of nature that has traditionally most concerned bank regulators (i.e., stress to bank equity capital), community banks increase their liquidity buffers. Given that these lenders do not pose systemic risk, and that they have historically exceeded the Basel III liquidity minimums by wide margins, our findings suggest that imposing minimum liquidity thresholds on small banks will likely yield little prudential benefit.

The Basel III Accord imposes minimum liquidity standards on bank balance sheets that are already constrained by minimum capital standards. It is not clear whether or how banks' behaviors will change in this new joint-constraint regime. To gain some insight, we study the balance sheet liquidity behavior of U.S. banking companies in response to negative equity capital shocks prior to the implementation of Basel III. Our 1998-2012 data indicate that banks treated regulatory capital and balance sheet liquidity (e.g., net stable funding ratios, core deposits-to-loans, liquid assets-to-assets) as substitutes rather than complements. This main finding is limited to so-called 'community banks' with assets less than $1 billion; equity capital and liquidity were neither substitutes nor complements at larger banks. In the course of rebuilding their capital ratios, shocked community banks substituted away from loans and loan commitments and reduced their dividend payouts, actions that resulted in greater balance sheet liquidity. Thus, in the state of nature that has traditionally most concerned bank regulators (i.e., stress to bank equity capital), community banks increase their liquidity buffers. Given that these lenders do not pose systemic risk, and that they have historically exceeded the Basel III liquidity minimums by wide margins, our findings suggest that imposing minimum liquidity thresholds on small banks will likely yield little prudential benefit.

The extraordinary steps taken by governments during the 2007-2009 financial crisis to prevent the failure of large financial institutions and support credit availability have invited heated debate. This paper comprehensively reviews empirical assessments of the benefits of those programs-such as their effectiveness in reducing bank failures or supporting new lending-introduces a combined dataset of five key programs that provided term debt or equity to banks in the U.S., and assesses the effects of such support on lending by U.S. banks. The results, using an instrumental variable approach, suggest that bank loans did not increase at institutions receiving government support.

The banking industry is an essential financial intermediary, thus the efficient operation of banks is vital for economic development and social welfare. However, the 2008 global financial crisis triggered a reconsideration of the banking systems, as well as the role of government intervention. The literature has paid little attention to the banking industry in the Asia-Pacific region in the context of bank efficiency. This study employs double bootstrap data envelopment analysis to measure bank efficiency and examine the relationship between regulation, supervision, and state ownership in commercial banks in the Asia-Pacific region for the period 2005 to 2014. Our results indicate that excluding off-balance sheet activities in efficiency estimations lead to underestimating of the pure technical efficiency, while overestimating the scale efficiency of banks in the Asia-Pacific region. Cross-country comparisons reveal that Australian banks exhibit the highest levels of technical efficiency, while Indonesian banks exhibit the lowest average. Our bootstrap regression results suggest that bank regulation and supervision are positively related to bank technical efficiency, while state ownership is not significantly related to bank efficiency. Furthermore, our findings show that tighter regulation and supervision are significantly related to higher efficiency for small and large-sized banks.

Soundness of a bank is reflected in the financial statements issued by the bank where such financial statements have been audited by public accounting firms. Health assessment of banks carried out each period. In any assessment of a bank's condition is determined. For banks that have been considered previously can also be assessed whether there is an increase or decrease in health. For banks which, according to health or the health assessment increase does not matter, because that is what is expected and continue to be retained, but the bank is constantly unwell. This study aims to analyze the Government Performance Comparison Bank, Foreign Banks and Private Banks in Indonesia In the Year 2001 to 2010. Population used in this study were all government banks and private banks in Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling because only a selected sample met the criteria only. Analysis techniques use descriptive analysis. CAMEL financial ratio and determine the mean of each ratio. Ratio is CAR (Capital Adequacy Ratio), NPL (Non Performing Loan), ROE (Return On Equity), ROA (Return On Asset), BOPO (Operational Cost Ratio) and LDR (Loan to Deposits Ratio) has the power or the power classification predictions for the state banks experiencing financial difficulties.

Besteht in Deutschland eine Kreditklemme bzw. ein Credit Crunch? Um das Ausmaß dieses Problems für die deutsche Wirtschaft zu untersuchen, hat das ifo Ins-titut im Rahmen seiner monatlichen Konjunkturtestumfrage im Juni und August dieses Jahres die Teilnehmer nach der Bereitschaft der Banken, Kredite an Unternehmen zu vergeben, gefragt. Die Ergebnisse der Umfrage untermauern die Vermutung, dass deutsche Banken bei der Kreditvergabe sehr restriktiv vorgehen: Im Juni gaben nur 2,5% der bundesdeutschen Unternehmen aus dem verarbeitenden Gewerbe an, dass sie die Bereitschaft der Banken, Kredite an Unternehmen zu vergeben, als »entgegenkommend« beurteilen. Im August verbesserte sich dieser Prozentsatz nur unwesentlich auf 2,6%.

The banking industry is an essential financial intermediary, thus the efficient operation of banks is vital for economic development and social welfare. However, the 2008 global financial crisis triggered a reconsideration of the banking systems, as well as the role of government intervention. The literature has paid little attention to the banking industry in the Asia-Pacific region in the context of bank efficiency. This study employs double bootstrap data envelopment analysis to measure bank efficiency and examine the relationship between regulation, supervision, and state ownership in commercial banks in the Asia-Pacific region for the period 2005 to 2014. Our results indicate that excluding off-balance sheet activities in efficiency estimations lead to underestimating of the pure technical efficiency, while overestimating the scale efficiency of banks in the Asia-Pacific region. Cross-country comparisons reveal that Australian banks exhibit the highest levels of technical efficiency, while Indonesian banks exhibit the lowest average. Our bootstrap regression results suggest that bank regulation and supervision are positively related to bank technical efficiency, while state ownership is not significantly related to bank efficiency. Furthermore, our findings show that tighter regulation and supervision are significantly related to higher efficiency for small and large-sized banks.

When Czechoslovakia was founded the credit system of Slovakia reflected the agrarian character of the Slovakian economy and the low degree of industrialization. The changes in the system of commercial banks in the interwar period were principally a consequence of the political upheaval after the First World War. At this time a process of intensive centralization began: the number of banks decreased dramatically and the group of bigger banks and nationally Slovak banks increased their significance substantially. The branch offices of the large Hungarian banks disappeared and new offices of the big banks of the Czech lands were established. In spite of their quantitative growth, the Slovakian banks remained in the position of credit institutes of a merely provincial character. This feature was manifested in the character of their business activities which was mainly directed at the agricultural sector and at small and medium-scale industrial and commercial enterprises. Larger industrial concerns and a great part of the wholesale and foreign trade were instead financed by the large banks of the Czech lands. ; When Czechoslovakia was founded the credit system of Slovakia reflected the agrarian character of the Slovakian economy and the low degree of industrialization. The changes in the system of commercial banks in the interwar period were principally a consequence of the political upheaval after the First World War. At this time a process of intensive centralization began: the number of banks decreased dramatically and the group of bigger banks and nationally Slovak banks increased their significance substantially. The branch offices of the large Hungarian banks disappeared and new offices of the big banks of the Czech lands were established. In spite of their quantitative growth, the Slovakian banks remained in the position of credit institutes of a merely provincial character. This feature was manifested in the character of their business activities which was mainly directed at the agricultural sector and at small and medium-scale industrial and commercial enterprises. Larger industrial concerns and a great part of the wholesale and foreign trade were instead financed by the large banks of the Czech lands.

This study aims to analyze the management of funds at the Bank of South Kalimantan for the period 2015 to 2019, namely to find out how to determine the amount of funds needed to support the operational activities of the Bank of South Kalimantan as well as the methods of collecting funds carried out by the Bank of South Kalimantan. In this study, the data source used was the annual report of the South Kalimantan Bank for the period 2015-2019. This research resulted in the Bank of South Kalimantan determining the funds needed to support bank operational activities based on Government Regulations, Minimum Bank Provision Requirement (KPMM), bank operational area, liquidity requirements owned, and the quality level of assets. Meanwhile for good bank fundraising policy Bank of South Kalimantan in accordance with the policy direction of the Regional Champion Program which consists of 3 main pillars, namely (1) improving and protecting bank defense (2) serving as regional development agents and (3) increasing expertise in providing services to communities in the regions.

Before we can reform the financial system, we need to understand what banks do; or, better, what banks should do. This paper will examine the later work of Hyman Minsky at the Levy Institute, on his project titled 'Reconstituting the United States' Financial Structure.' This led to a number of Levy working papers and also to a draft book manuscript that was left uncompleted at his death in 1996. In this paper I focus on Minsky's papers and manuscripts from 1992 to 1996 and his last major contribution (his Veblen-Commons Award-winning paper). Much of this work was devoted to his thoughts on the role that banks do and should play in the economy. To put it as succinctly as possible, Minsky always insisted that the proper role of the financial system was to promote the 'capital development' of the economy. By this he did not simply mean that banks should finance investment in physical capital. Rather, he was concerned with creating a financial structure that would be conducive to economic development to improve living standards, broadly defined. Central to his argument is the understanding of banking that he developed over his career. Just as the financial system changed (and with it, the capitalist economy), Minsky's views evolved. I will conclude with general recommendations for reform along Minskyan lines.

During the economic crisis, Slovenia has transformed from one of the most successful new EU Member States into one of the most problematic ones. The reason for this is largely extensive banking problems, that continue to cause uncertainty on financial markets and adversely affect the rating of the country and consequently also the price of borrowing for both the state and private entities. Slovenia has opted to rehabilitate its banking sector by means of a bad bank (DUTB) that, however, only became operational at the end of 2013. The paper seeks to examine whether a bad bank has indeed proven the most appropriate choice out of possible methods of resolving the banking crisis, based on the most recent findings regarding the suitability of various methods of bailing out banking systems in crisis, taking into consideration key elements required for the successful rehabilitation thereof. The paper finds that, taking into consideration all relevant circumstances, the bad bank has proven to be appropriate solution in the Slovenian case but the delay in rehabilitating the banking system has had significant negative macroeconomic impacts as demonstrated by a comparison to other selected countries that had opted to bail out the banking sector before Slovenia. State ownership of systemic banks and political instability have both greatly contributed to slow action taken.

Summarization: A number of recent studies compare the performance of Islamic and conventional banks with the use of individual financial ratios or efficiency frontier techniques. The present study extends this strand of the literature, by comparing Islamic banks, conventional banks, and banks with an Islamic window with the use of a bank overall financial strength index. This index is developed with a multicriteria methodology that allows us to aggregate various criteria capturing bank capital strength, asset quality, earnings, liquidity, and management quality in controlling expenses. We find that banks differ significantly in terms of individual financial ratios; however, the difference of the overall financial strength between Islamic and conventional banks is not statistically significant. This finding is confirmed with both univariate comparisons and in multivariate regression estimations. When we look at the bank financial strength within regions, we find that conventional banks outperform both the Islamic banks and the banks with Islamic window in the case of Asia and the Gulf Cooperation Council; however, Islamic banks perform better in the MENA and Senegal region. Second stage regressions also reveal that the bank overall financial strength index is influenced by various country-specific attributes. These include control of corruption, government effectiveness, and operation in one of the seven countries that are expected to drive the next big wave in Islamic finance. ; Presented on: Economic Modelling

Trust in banks is considered essential for an effective financial system, yet little is known about what determines trust in banks. Only a handful of single-country studies discuss the topic, so this paper aims to fill the gap by providing a cross-country analysis on the level and determinants of trust in banks. Using World Values Survey data covering 52 countries during the period 2010–2014, we observe large cross-country differences in trust in banks and confirm the influence of several sociodemographic indicators. Our main findings include: women tend to trust banks more than men; trust in banks tends to increase with income, but decrease with age and education; access to television enhances trust, while internet access erodes trust; and religious, political, and economic values may affect trust in banks. Notably, religious individuals tend to put greater trust in banks, but differences are observed across denominations. The holding of pro-market economic views is also associated with greater trust in banks.

International audience ; Trust in banks is considered essential for an effective financial system, yet little is known about what determines trust in banks. Only a handful of single-country studies discuss the topic, so this paper aims to fill the gap by providing a cross-country analysis on the level and determinants of trust in banks. Using World Values Survey data covering 52 countries during the period 2010–2014, we observe large cross-country differences in trust in banks and confirm the influence of several sociodemographic indicators. Our main findings include: women tend to trust banks more than men; trust in banks tends to increase with income, but decrease with age and education; and access to television enhances trust, while internet access erodes trust. Additionally, religious, political, and economic values affect trust in banks. Notably, religious individuals tend to put greater trust in banks, but differences are observed across denominations. The holding of pro-market economic views is also associated with greater trust in banks.