Suchergebnisse

Lau, Ying Chui Janice. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 219-235). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese; includes Chinese characters. ; Abstract ; Acknowledgement ; Chapter 1 ; Introduction --- p.1 ; Background --- p.4 ; Defining Female New Immigrants --- p.7 ; Literature Review --- p.10 ; Methodology --- p.22 ; List of Informants --- p.25 ; Thesis Structure --- p.27 ; Chapter 2 ; History of Female Mainland Migrants in Hong Kong --- p.30 ; Invisible Female Migrants --- p.31 ; Immigration Policy as Identity Marker --- p.35 ; Gender Implications in the Immigration Policy --- p.37 ; Shifts in Social Policy and Social Capital --- p.41 ; Hong Kong Identity: a Gender Perspective --- p.45 ; "Class, Popular Culture and Identity Politics" --- p.50 ; Conclusion --- p.53 ; Chapter 3 ; Hongkongness in the Classroom --- p.56 ; Learning Hong Kong English --- p.60 ; Learning "accentless´ح Cantonese --- p.70 ; Learning Proper Behavior --- p.78 ; Learning the Hong Kong Spirit --- p.87 ; Conclusion --- p.94 ; Chapter 4 ; Reconstructing Womanhood --- p.96 ; Dressing up in Hongkong-Style --- p.100 ; Reconstructing a Hongkong-Style Beautiful Face --- p.104 ; Learning to be a Wife of Hong Kong Man --- p.109 ; Learning to be a Hong Kong Mother --- p.116 ; Marital Relationship and Adaptation --- p.119 ; Conclusion --- p.137 ; Chapter 5 ; Empowerment and Disempowerment --- p.140 ; Empowerment --- p.141 ; Structural Resources --- p.143 ; Gain and Loss of Capital --- p.147 ; Defining Capital: Social Workers and Class Teachers --- p.152 ; Redefining Capital: Mainland Women Migrants´ة Agency --- p.157 ; Evaluation of Achievement --- p.163 ; Breaking Down of Cultural Boundaries --- p.163 ; Discarding Stereotypes --- p.166 ; Constructing New Relations --- p.169 ; Disempowerment --- p.175 ; Conclusion --- p.186 ; Chapter 6 ; Conclusion --- p.189 ; A Uniquely Hong Kong Process --- p.189 ; Keeping an Imagined Boundary --- p.195 ; Imitating Hongkong-Style Womanhood --- p.199 ...

Events, such as trade fairs, conferences and corporate events, are effective communication tools, which have positive effects for the regions they are held in. China realised this fact years ago and has invested massively in the event infrastructure, becoming one of the global hotspots of the event business.This publication highlights the development of China's event industry as well as the changing role of China in the global event market. Prof. H. Schwägermann, Prof. Dr. P. Mayer (Osnabrück Univ. of Appl. Sciences); Dr. Ding Yi (Shanghai Univ. of Int. Busin. and Econ.)

In the past two decades, China has achieved world renown for reducing rural poverty. However, it is becoming harder to reduce poverty and inequality further in China, even though its economy continues to grow. This report compares the impact specific rural public investments can have on promoting growth and reducing poverty and inequality. Returns to these investments are calculated for the nation as a whole and for three economic zones in the west, central, and coastal regions of the country. Government expenditures that have the highest impact on poverty and growth include education, agricultural research and development, and rural infrastructure (roads, electricity, and telecommunications). Notably, spending on irrigation and anti-poverty loans had minimal impact. The report discusses the implications of these findings for setting future priorities for government investment. It also suggests avenues for future research and calls for a better understanding of how to improve the effectiveness of public resources. This report will be of interest to professionals involved in rural poverty reduction, rural development, agricultural growth, food security, and public investment policy. ; PR ; IFPRI1; GRP3; Theme 9; Public Policy and Investment

It is generally acknowledged that Europe will not be a super power in the sense of a political-military ensemble on an equal footing with the United States or China. Europeans reject this possibility across the board. Moreover, even if they wanted to go that route, wouldn't it expose them to reproducing on a European scale what they have struggled to combat amongst themselves: the idea of becoming a great power with all the attributes of force and supremacy that such a project implies?So if Europe will not be a super power, how can it be a power at all? Probably by reinforcing what remains its major political resource: its capacity to produce and set up at the global level a system of norms as broad-sweeping as possible that can organize the world, discipline the interplay of its actors, introduce predictability in their behavior, develop among them a sense of collective responsibility, and offer those who engage on this path, particularly the weakest, at least the partial possibility to use these norms as an argument/force* against all, including the world's most powerful.The task may seem colossal, even outrageous. It probably is, but does Europe have any other choice but to assume its responsibility as a normative power? Probably not.[publisher's website]

It is generally acknowledged that Europe will not be a super power in the sense of a political-military ensemble on an equal footing with the United States or China. Europeans reject this possibility across the board. Moreover, even if they wanted to go that route, wouldn't it expose them to reproducing on a European scale what they have struggled to combat amongst themselves: the idea of becoming a great power with all the attributes of force and supremacy that such a project implies?So if Europe will not be a super power, how can it be a power at all? Probably by reinforcing what remains its major political resource: its capacity to produce and set up at the global level a system of norms as broad-sweeping as possible that can organize the world, discipline the interplay of its actors, introduce predictability in their behavior, develop among them a sense of collective responsibility, and offer those who engage on this path, particularly the weakest, at least the partial possibility to use these norms as an argument/force* against all, including the world's most powerful.The task may seem colossal, even outrageous. It probably is, but does Europe have any other choice but to assume its responsibility as a normative power? Probably not.[publisher's website]

Guo, Xinxin. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-78). ; Abstract also in Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.i ; Abstract (Chinese Translation) --- p.iii ; Acknowledgments --- p.iv ; Table of Contents --- p.vi ; List of Figures --- p.viii ; Romanization and Translation --- p.ix ; Limitation of this Thesis --- p.x ; Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Approaching the Dolans and their Music --- p.1 ; Pre-existing Research --- p.4 ; Methodology and Fieldwork --- p.13 ; Chapter 2. --- Becoming an "Intangible Cultural Heritage´ح:Cultural Policies of UNESCO and the Chinese Government --- p.21 ; UNESCO and its Convention for the Safeguarding of the ICH --- p.22 ; Cultural Policies of the Chinese Government and their Implementation --- p.28 ; The Central Government´ةs Call for Preserving the Culture of Ethnic Minorities --- p.31 ; Transcribing Dolan Muqam --- p.37 ; The Local Government´ةs Implementation of Cultural Policies --- p.42 ; The Music Videos of Dolan Muqam --- p.46 ; Summary --- p.49 ; Chapter 3. --- Ketmen vs. Rawap: Transmission of Dolan Muqam in New Contexts --- p.50 ; Performance and Farming: Changes in Life of the Older Generation --- p.51 ; Learning Muqam: Career Potentials for the Younger Generations --- p.55 ; Dolan Muqam Training Classes in Mekit County --- p.57 ; The 13th National Young Singers TV Competition on CCTV --- p.60 ; Summary --- p.68 ; Chapter 4. --- Conclusion --- p.69 ; Political Implications of Safeguarding the ICH --- p.69 ; Old Tradition and New Transmission --- p.71 ; References Cited --- p.73

The spatial planning of land use is the process of allocating different uses or activities to specific areas in a region and is the core content of land use planning systems. Land use planning is increasingly becoming complex because of the multifaceted problems it faces, such as guaranteeing economic growth, maintaining social equity, and preserving the environment. These objectives present conflicting demands from various land use groups and interest groups. The increased inclusion of objectives leads to different demands on the expected results. Moreover, the increased complexity of land use planning problems is influenced by the involvement and definition of multiple objectives. These objectives may be unstructured, nonlinear, and difficult to handle. Within this context, computer-based techniques have been developed to assist planners in decision making. Among all of the techniques, multi-objective optimization (MOO) approaches are the most well-known techniques in addressing multi-objective problems in land use planning. MOO approaches have successfully accomplished significant achievements. However, literature shows that some spatially-related environmental objectives, such as carbon emission, non-point source pollution, and soil erosion, are missing because of the difficulty in evaluating, analyzing, and measuring such complex land use objectives. ; The land use planning process in China is divided into a series of land use plans at different levels. Among these plans, the municipal overall land use plan and the urban master plan are involved in managing the land use resources in a city. The municipal overall land use plan administers the urban and non-urban areas in an administrative scope, whereas the urban master plan focuses only on the development of urban areas. These two types of land use plans are conducted by two different government departments. These plans are usually inconsistent, particularly in terms of space. ; Considering the spatial inconsistency between the municipal overall land use ...

Machine generated contents note: -- Acknowledgements -- Note on Editions, Commentaries, and Translation -- Chronology of Chinese Dynasties -- Essential Classic Chinese Terms with Corresponding English Translation -- Introduction: Uncovering the Confucian Four Books for Women: Why Nü sishu? Why Now? -- I. The Han Women: Ban Zhao and the Lessons for Women (c. 45-117) -- Introduction -- Wang Xiang's Biographic Introduction of Ban Zhao -- Original Preface to This Work by Ban Zhao -- Chapter 1 The Lowly and the Weak -- Chapter 2 Husband and Wife -- Chapter 3 Respect and Compliance -- Chapter 4 Women's Conduct -- Chapter 5 One-Mindedness -- Chapter 6 Conceding Obedience -- Chapter 7 Harmony with Younger Brothers-and-Sisters-in-Law -- II. The Tang Women: The Song Sisters and the Analects for Women (?-820/825) -- Introduction -- Wang Xiang's Biographic Introduction of the Song Sisters -- Original Preface to This Work by the Song Sisters -- Chapter 1 Establishing One's Person -- Chapter 2 Learning the Work -- Chapter 3 Learning the Rituals -- Chapter 4 Rising Early -- Chapter 5 Serving One's Parents -- Chapter 6 Serving Parents-in-Law -- Chapter 7 Serving One's Husband -- Chapter 8 Instructing Boys and Girls -- Chapter 9 Managing the Household -- Chapter 10 Hosting Guests -- Chapter 11 Harmony and Gentleness -- Chapter 12 Guarding One's Integrity -- III. The Ming Imperial Women: Empresses Renxiaowen and the Teachings for the Inner Court (1361-1407) -- Introduction -- Wang Xiang's Biographic Introduction of Empress Renxiaowen -- Original Preface to this Work by Empress Renxiaowen -- Chapter 1 Virtuous Nature -- Chapter 2 Self-Cultivation -- Chapter 3 Prudent Speech -- Chapter 4 Careful Conduct -- Chapter 5 Diligence -- Chapter 6 Frugality -- Chapter 7 Watchfulness -- Chapter 8 Accumulating Good Deeds -- Chapter 9 Becoming Good -- Chapter 10 Revering Sagely Teachings -- Chapter 11 Admiring Wise Role Models -- Chapter 12 Serving One's Parents -- Chapter 13 Serving One's Ruler -- Chapter 14 On Serving Parents-in-Law -- Chapter 15 Performing Religious Rites -- Chapter 16 Model Motherhood -- Chapter 17 Friendly Relationship with Family Clans -- Chapter 18 Benevolent Love for the Young -- Chapter 19 Treating Imperial Concubines -- Chapter 20 Treating Imperial Consorts' Maternal Relatives -- IV. The Ming Women: Madame Liu and the Short Records of Models for Women (c. 16th century) -- Introduction -- Wang Xiang's Biographic Introduction of His Mother, Madame Liu -- Chapter 1 Unifying Thesis -- Chapter 2 Queenly Virtues -- Chapter 3 Model Motherhood -- Chapter 4 Filial Conduct -- Chapter 5 Chastity and Ardency -- Chapter 6 Loyalty and Righteousness -- Chapter 7 Benevolent Love -- Chapter 8 Upholding Ritual Propriety -- Chapter 9 Wisdom -- Chapter 10 Diligence and Frugality -- Chapter 11 Talent and Virtue -- Appendix: Liu Xiang's Biographies of Women vis-à-vis Wang Xiang's Four Books for Women: Comparative Timelines and Categories of Women's Virtue -- Bibliography -- Index

粤劇亦被譽為「南國紅豆」已有三百多年歷史是中國傳統戲曲之一。粤劇流傳於南中國,香港,以及海外華人的社會,其中以廣州佛山一帶最為著名。然而在近年外來文化的影響下,粤劇逐漸被忽視。自二零零九年起,粤劇正式被列為聯合國教科文組織人類非物質文化遺產。隨著國家政府對粤劇的重視,地方傳統曲藝在廣州的發展亦產生了變化。本論文以廣州粤劇的音樂社區為中心,著眼於樂師,把樂師分為業餘者,職業樂師及國家級演奏員三類。本論文亦論述粤劇樂師在粤劇國家化的過程中所面對的改變及所扮演的角色,並探討粤劇由一種地方性的民間傳統藝術演變為一項代表國家的非物質文化遺產對當地音樂社區造成的衝擊。 ; Since Cantonese Opera was declared an intangible cultural heritage representation by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 2009, the Chinese government has carried out different policies to "develop Cantonese Opera. This study looks at the recent "development" of Cantonese Opera in Guangzhou from the perspective of musicians. In Guangzhou, different forms of performing groups are present, from privately organized interest groups to state-managed national troupes. This study divides the music community in Guangzhou into three sub-communities: amateurs, professionals and national musicians and investigates the changing lifestyle and way of interaction of musicians within the music community due to the changes that have occurred in Guangzhou with the listing of Cantonese Opera as an intangible cultural heritage. ; This research focuses on the musicians in the Cantonese Opera music community in Guangzhou. Based on a three-month intensive fieldwork and two pilot studies conducted in 2011 using participant observation and indepth interview, this thesis aims to explore the following questions: in what ways are the musicians' social life and mode of living altered? Has the whole music community become more strengthened and united owing to the social changes? Or is the music community becoming more stratified? Is the music community harmonious or full of dissonance? ; Detailed summary in vernacular field only. ; Cheung, Ah Li. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-133). ; Abstracts also in Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.i ; 摘要 --- p.ii ; Acknowledgements --- p.iii ; Table of Contents --- p.v ; List of Figures and Tables --- p.vii ; Chapter ...

Includes bibliographical references (p. [487]-508) ; The papers collected in this anthology look at Chinese overseas, residing in five continents in the half century after the Second World War, from many new perspectives. Some papers raise questions about the Chinese diaspora in broad conceptual terms, and inquire into the meaning of being Chinese outside China. Other papers examine life in local communities, analysing how historical and contemporary circumstances affect their lives and the ways they negotiate their identity in the host country. In- depth case studies further bring out the complexity of the subject by identifying the range of variables, including the social, economic, political and cultural characteristics of the places of origin and destinations, as well as emigration and immigration policies, which affect the patterns of migration and the nature of settlement in any place at any time. This is especially highlighted in chapters using a comparative approach. With scholars from different disciplines, using different types of data, methodologies and theoretical tools, the richness of the subject matter becomes apparent ; published_or_final_version ; Preface / Sinn, Elizabeth pix ; Contributors pxi ; 1 Introduction: migration and new national identities / Wang, Gungwu p1 ; Glossary p485 ; Bibliography p487 ; Pt.I Overview p13 ; Pt.II Identity and ethnicity p63 ; Pt.III The diaspora in Europe p139 ; Pt.IV The Asia Pacific front p201 ; Pt.V New focus on Australia p277 ; Pt.VI.Chinese overseas in comparative perspectives ; Pt.VII Ethnicity, Religion and communal development and Qiaoxiang: Chinese overseas and the home village p423 ; 2 Upgrading the migrant: neither Huaqiao nor huaren / Wang, Gungwu p15 ; 3 Groundlessness and utopia: the Chinese diaspora and territory / Mung, Emmanuel Ma p35 ; 4 蕭玉燦主義的歷史命運 / 周南京 p49 ; 5 Preserving bukit China: the cultural politics of landscape interpretation in Melaka's Chinese cemetery / Cartier, Carolyn L. p65 ; 6 Representations of 'the Chinese' and 'ethnicity' in British racial discourse / Tam, Suk-tak p81 ; 7 Emerging British Chinese identities: issues and problems / Parker, David p91 ; 8 Integration or segregation: the Dutch and South African Chinese compared / Harris, Karen L. p115 ; 9 Chinese immigrants in Denmark after 1949: immigration patterns and development / Thuno, Mette p141 ; 10 Living among three walls? The peranakan Chinese in the Netherlands / Minghuan, Li p167 ; 11 The Chinese and Chinese districts in Paris / Guillon, Michelle p185 ; 12 Becoming 'Chinese Canadian': the genesis of a cultural category / Ng, Wing-chung p203 ; 13 Political participation amongst Chinese Canadians: the road to the 1993 election / Lary, Diana p217 ; 14 神戶的中國人與中國人社會 / 安井三吉 p229 ; 15 從日本華僑敎育的當地化傾向看日本華僑社會的當地化趨勢 / 朱慧玲 p241 ; 16 越南華人經濟形態的轉變(1975-1993) / 黃小堅 p261 ; 17 Astronaut families and parachute children: Hong Kong immigrants in Australia / Pe-Pua, Rogelia p279 ; 18 The changing characteristics of Chinese migrants to Australia during the 1980s and early 1990s / Coughlan, James E. p299 ; 19 Gold mountain no more: impressions of Australian society among recent Asian immigrants / Ip, David F. p347 ; 20 Chinese immigration to Australia and South Africa: a comparative analysis of legislative control / Harris, Karen L. p373 ; 21 Settlement experiences of recent Chinese immigrants in Australia: a comparison of settlers from Hong Kong, Taiwan and China / Wu, Chung-tong p391 ; 22 The role of the true jesus church in the communal development of the Chinese people in Elgin, Scotland / Liu, Garland p425 ; 23 現代中國少數民族人口境外遷移初探: 以新彊、雲南為例 / 譚天星 p447 ; 24 山東省日照市旅韓華僑的調查報告 / 晁中辰 p463 ; 25 戰後中國大陸客家人海外移民剖析: 梅州地區人口國際遷移情況的調查 / 黃靜 p475

魏晉是中國古代史上最為複雜的時代之一,它的複雜不僅表現在政治上,也表現在學術層面。而魏晉時代在各種因素交織下所呈現出來的複雜程度,很難憑一條線索就梳理清楚。本文著眼於魏晉時代儒者處逸、隱士通經的特殊現象,在前人研究的基礎上,通過對魏晉隱逸的關注與分析,從而引發有關魏晉學術和政治文化的討論,希望藉此能對包括玄學發展衍化在內的一些問題產生新的理解。 ; 要詮釋上述這種儒者處逸、隱士通經的歷史現象,首先要對隱逸的起源和種類加以回顧和梳理,之後再對《晉書》傳中人物的具體情況作出分析。本文認為,「人物」、「學術」、「政治」之間可以構建一種兩兩相互作用的三角關係,通過分析這種關係,可以解釋一些歷史現象。因此本文的討論,主要集中在三個層面:第一,特定時代政治環境與學術背景的人物,「儒隱」現象是發生人物身上的現象,而這種現象可以從政治與學術兩方面尋求解釋。第二,政治人物的學術,這也包括了官方對不同學術的態度。第三,學術人物的政治,根據人物學術背景的不同──在本文的討論範圍中即以儒學與玄學二者為主──其在政治上的進退出處也不一樣。而在本文看來,當中又以魏晉玄學的作用最為顯著因此本文的許多論述都與玄學有關;同時也希望通過對作為隱逸背景的玄學的討論,為我們認識玄學提供一個新的視角。本文希望強調,從許多方面來看,玄學都是儒學的一支,儘管玄學的文本並不全是當時的傳統儒家經典。玄學在學術上的重要性,主要存在於其形成初期和南朝以後;而曹魏正始以後至東晉末年的這一歷史時段內,玄學更多地在政治上發揮著作用。但是,即使在玄學最具風采的時期,朝野各類人物依然以儒學為其學術底蘊。 ; Reclusion normally refers to people living in self-imposed isolation from the world, often for religious purposes. But it seemed to be a much more complicated matter in early medieval China, especially when there was a fusion between those scholar-officials and traditional reclusions, which used to commit disengagement under a more "simple" sort of motivation. From historical documents of that period, we started to see Ruists who were not interested in becoming politicians, and recluses who would knew awfully a lot about Ruism and even governing. Both kinds of people were valued and well respected in their time not only by common people but also lords and kings. ; After being recognized as the official guide of governing in Han Dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE), the ideology of "Ruism" (Ruxue), or otherwise known as Confucianism, has been associated with the heavenly granted authority of emperorship, under which circumstance traditional "Ruists" (or Confucian scholars)have been following a path whereas scholarships would lead to bureaucratic positions. But this ideal path changed, for a while, for at least some Ruists, when the dynasty started to crumble around the beginning of the third century. Many scholars of Ruism started to choose to become practitioners of reclusion, instead of competing to become court-commissioned scholar-officials, ...

在过去十年间里,中国立法机关及政府机关已制定颁布了大量新的法律法规。这些法律从数量和质量上而言,和过去相比都有了很大飞跃,公司法和证券法领域尤为如此。 法律从业人员数量的增多满足了人们多元化的法律需求。财经媒体的迅速发展使得大众对商业和市场运行、以及相关法律法规产生了更加深刻的认识。 然而,这些方面的改善并不意味着中国上市公司小股东保护也得到了相应的加强。 ; 本文主要围绕以下三部分内容进行了探讨:1.中国现行法律下规制小股东保护的法律原则及规则;2.从政治环境的角度分析政治对部分规则形成的影响以及一些规则在实践中未能达到其立法旨意的原因;及3.小股东积极通过诉讼保护自身权利的现状及困境。作者评估了法律在小股东保护方面的实际效果,并分析中国的当代政治对法律达到其原本立法旨意的影响。虽然保护小股东及上市公司治理的法律框架已越来越全面,但实践中,小股东通过诉讼途径来有效实现自身权利却仍困境重重。本文认为,法院拒绝受理针对政治背景深厚的公司提起的诉讼、小股东面临的举证困难、法院收取的高额诉讼费用等因素都是小股东在实践中所要克服的障碍。 ; 本文认为,影响众多中国上市公司治理的最大问题以及小股东通过诉讼途径保护自身权益的最大障碍正是党国体制对经济活动的干预,尤其是对于部分上市公司和法律程序的干预。为论证该观点,文本首先分析了党国是如何参与并影响中国上市公司的治理。文章发现,党组织在那些由国家直接或间接控股的上市公司发挥了重要的决策及监督作用。此外,文章还分析了民营性质的上市公司是如何受到地方政府的干预。文章认为,针对上市公司的政治干预消弱了法律治理的作用,同时也损害了小股东的合法权益。为了实现对小股东的保护,法律不但要保护小股东不受私权的侵犯(比如私人或私人实体对小股东作出的欺诈或不当行为),更重要的是保护小股东权利不受到来自党国体制默许、支持、甚至实际参与的行为的侵犯。 ; In the past decade, China has experienced an exponential increase in the quantity and quality of new laws and regulations promulgated by the state and its agencies, especially in the area of company law and securities regulation. The legal profession grows and provides ever more diversified services to a public, whose awareness of business and market practices, as well as to some extent the legal rules and principles governing these, are being strengthened by the burgeoning financial media. Yet, these improvements do not necessarily translate into better protection for minority shareholders of Chinese listed companies. ; This thesis discusses the legal rules and principles governing minority shareholders' protection, the political realities that have shaped some of the rules and, as argued here, threaten to undermine some of the principles, and minority shareholders' activism to enforce their rights through litigation. The author has sought to test how law functions in the area of minority shareholder protection and how political practice affects the functioning of law in this area. While the legal framework for minority shareholders' protection and for the corporate governance of Chinese listed companies is becoming increasingly ...

杜甫詩是中國古典文學的經典,其經典地位奠定於有宋一代。本文以宋代詩話為考察對象,分析文學批評和杜詩經典化的關係,主要內容如下: ; 首先,本文將討論文壇領袖對杜詩的讚賞,如何演化為整個文壇的普遍觀念。文中指出蘇軾和黃庭堅是杜詩的發明者,二人對杜詩的評價,得到宋詩話的熱烈回應,意義不斷得到擴展和深化,由個人詮釋演化為宋人的集體認知,從而確立了杜詩的典範性。蘇軾「一飯未嘗忘君」的評語,經由詩話的討論和闡釋,最終令杜詩得「詩中六經」的評價。黃庭堅「無一字無來處」的評語,也促使詩話研究杜詩出處和用事手法蔚為風氣,不僅確立了杜甫好用事的特徵,也使杜詩成為宋詩風格的模範。 ; 其次,本文探討宋代政治和文化背景對宋人接受杜甫的影響。在「李杜優劣」此一議題上,杜詩得到凌駕李白的地位,批評家看重詩歌內容的社會意義多於藝術性,反映唐宋人期待視野的轉移。宋人對杜甫「詩史」的讚譽,也與宋型文化和南宋戰禍連年有密切關係。宋詩話特別重視杜甫和安史之亂有關的詩作,因為安史之亂與宋代歷史背景有不少相似之處,宋人藉著詮釋杜詩的義理,投射了對胡人的痛恨、戰亂中的自傷之情和淑世理想。宋人憑藉認同杜甫,達至自我認同;通過詮釋杜詩,而完成自我呈現。杜甫在安史之亂中的遭遇,使他成了盛唐詩人中最能引發宋人共鳴者,也為宋人的詮釋提供了前提。宋詩話慣以比興和用事手法解釋杜詩,也使杜詩的詮釋空間擴大,更能貼合宋人的情感寄託。 ; 此外,本文就宋詩話的本質和批評形式,如何在一定程度上掌握文學經典化的權力進行探討。詩話是新興於宋的詩歌批評形式,「摘句批評」和「論詩辨體」是其慣用的表達方式。在詩話的批評形式下,宋詩話出現了以杜詩為中心的價值取向:評估杜詩的價值,展示杜詩的多元性,樹立杜詩的正統意義,確立杜詩較他人優勝的觀念,凸顯學杜之必要。詩話的批評形式確立了杜詩經典化的重要價值,又憑藉詩話的詩法指導功能,規範了時人的價值判斷和創作。 ; 最後,本文考察杜甫在宋代唐宋詩之爭的詩統建構中所處的位置。「宋詩」詩統藉著「一祖三宗」的論述,加強和杜甫的連繫,鞏固自身的正統地位。「唐詩」詩統同樣以杜甫為正統,其論述反而著重否定「宋詩」和杜甫的關係。唐、宋詩同樣以杜甫為正統,使杜詩超然於後世受唐宋詩之爭,對杜詩經典價值的延續有深刻意義。 ; Since its inception in the Song Dynasty, Du Fu 杜甫 's poetry has been firmly regarded as a canon in the field of classical Chinese Literature. The process of which, however, has not been clearly examined. Based on Song Dynasty's Remarks on Poetry 詩話, this thesis is devoted to analyzing the relationship between literary criticism and canonization of Du's poems. ; First, this thesis discusses how literary leaders' commendation on Du's poetry has become the general view of the Song literati. It particularly highlighted the evaluations of Du's poems from Su Shi 蘇軾 and Huang Ting-jian 黃庭堅. Their comments were widely quoted and re-interpreted by subsequent authors of Remarks on Poetry, which confirmed and reinforced the importance of Su and Huan's thoughts. The transition from Su and Huang's personal interpretation to becoming a widely-held view amongst the literati, affirmed the canonical status of Du's poetry. Through discussion and interpretation by Remarks on Poetry, Su's comments on Du Fu as "a ever-loyal official 一飯未嘗忘君 contributed to the commendation on the Du's poems as "Six ...