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Contrary to the environmental determinism presumed by most social science commentators, & to the genetic determinism propounded by advocates of hardcore "sociobiology," presented here is the transactional, epigenetic approach commonly accepted in the life sciences. For the study of humans, this approach requires a focus on the reciprocal effects between genotype & both physical & sociocultural environments throughout development. Discussed are: the biology of human sexuality, sex roles, & political behavior. Political models & practices are proposed that will take better advantage of the characteristic differences between M & F brains in political thinking & behavior, & that will require a major reversal of the contemporary ratio in sex representation in political roles. Modified HA.

THAT EACH INDIVIDUAL IS BIOLOGICALLY UNIQUE HAS BECOME INCREASINGLY RECOGNIZED WITHIN THE DEVELOPING FIELD OF BEHAVIOR GENETICS AS A SCIENTIFIC FACT OF THE FIRST MAGNITUDE. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF HUMAN GENETIC VARIABILITY IMPLIES 2 MAJOR PARADIGMATIC SHIFTS FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENCES: (1) THE RECOGNITION OF THE INTERACTION OF BOTH BIOLOGICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN DETERMINING HB, & (2) THE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BOTH GENETIC & ENVIRONMENTAL DIVERSITY IN SOCIAL & POLITICAL LIFE. VARIOUS APPROACHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCE, INCLUDING BEHAVIORISM & ENVIRONMENTALISM ARE EXAMINED, AS WELL AS THE WORKS OF E. BANFIELD (SEE SA 20:4/72F6394) & P. BACHRACH & M. BARATZ (POWER AND POVERTY, NEW YORK, NY: OXFORD U PRESS, 1970). FOR THE POLICY-MAKER IN PARTICULAR, THE IMPORTANCE OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES DEMANDS FULL RECOGNITION. 3 FIGURES, 1 TABLE. AA.

Any culture, by its attained complication of jobs & roles, presents a demand for a particular distribution of intelligence endowments in its citizens. Behavior genetics research has now shown that fluid intelligence is substantially inherited, so the distribution curve of supply of intelligence is decided by birth rates across different intelligence levels. Education can shift the mean of this curve but not its form. This is an era of dislocation of the curves of supply & demand of human intelligence due to: (1) increasing complications of occupations & roles, & (2) decreasing supply, from a dysgenic birth rate, of intelligence at upper levels & increasing supply at borderline employable levels. The market value of people, like that of goods, is determined by the ratio of supply to demand. The dislocation of the curves produces a willingness to pay very well for top intelligence, but very badly for low intelligence. Humanitarian motives, unionization, etc, preclude direct adjustment of wages by market realities, but the dislocation is not removed -- only translated into secondary symptoms. If the curve of demand for intelligence, by cultural developments, is indeed shifting to higher levels, the only escape from the dislocation, & its manifold evils, is a switch from a dysgenic to a eugenic population growth. 4 Figures, 18 References. Modified HA.

TO AVOID TRIVIALIZING OR SENSATIONALIZING BIOPOLITICS, THE AUTHORS HAVE TO SPECIFY WHICH BIOLOGY IS RELEVANT TO WHICH POLITICAL PHENOMENA. THE POLITICAL BEHAVIOR REQUIRING BIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION IS THAT WHICH OCCURS WHEN INNATE, I.E., ORGANIC, DRIVES ARE DENIED FULFILLMENT BY THE NATURAL, SOCIAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT. WHEN THIS DENIAL IS PROLONGED OR INTENSE, THE BRAIN'S LIMBIC SYSTEM COMBINES WITH NEOCORTEX TO PRODUCE SOMETIMES VIOLENT ACTION. THEREFORE, THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS CAN BE CAN BE MOST FRUITFULLY STUDIED TO EXPLAIN BEHAVIOR THAT OCCURS DURING PERIODS OF EXTREME SOCIAL TENSION, RATHER THAN DURING CALM PERIODS WHEN HABITS, CONVENTIONS, AND INSTITUTIONS SUCCESSFULLY CHANNEL AND FULFILL INNATE NEEDS. IN ADDITION TO NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, ETHOLOGY NOW AND GENETICS EVENTUALLY WILL HELP EXPLAIN POLITICAL BEHAVIOR IN WHICH THE ORGANIC COMPONENT IS OF MAJOR SIGNIFICANCE. SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH IS CITED.

ROUND TABLE ARRANGED BY EDITORS OF "VOPROSY FILOSOFII." BOCHKOV EXAMINES CURRENT DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES AND GENETICS. BOLDYREV QUESTIONS MOTION THAT POPULATION GROWTH ENHANCES SOCIALIST ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. PEREVEDENTSEV ARGUES CASE FOR STIMULATING POPULATION GROWTH. KOZLOV URGES INTERDISCIPLINARY COOPERATION TO IMPROVE DEMOGRAPHIC METHODS. DARSKII ELUCIDATES MOTIVES AND MECHANISMS OF DEMOGRAPHIC BEHAVIOR.

Biopolitics draws on the theory, substance, & method of the life sciences in analyzing human political behavior. The relationships between sex differences & politics can be explored from many perspectives within the social & natural sciences, correlating data from sociobiology, psychophysiology, ethnology, & endocrinology with known factors of social structure, political attitudes, socialization, & participation. In an introduction to the topic of biopolitics, theoretical history & recent research are reviewed. A crucial issue is the matter of sex-role socialization, ie, how & whether culture & genetics act together to evolve characteristics of leadership & political activity. 1 Figure. D. Dunseath.

A dichotomy of biological vs soc factors in human aggressiveness is rejected, since both interact. Recent res on hormonal influences upon brain org in animals early in life as affecting later aggressive & sexual behavior is summarized. Res on the role of testosterone in the development of aggressive behavior has now been extended to primates. F monkeys exposed to testosterone during uterine development have been shown to exhibit aggressive & masculinized behavior in later life. Clinical observations suggest that certain reproductive as well as non-reproductive hormones may affect the probability of aggressive behavior in humans. But little is yet known of the endocrine concomitants of anger, threat & attack in man, although there are intriguing clues involving steroid hormones & biogenic amines. Work done on rodents in recent yrs has been concerned with the relations between pop density, endocrine function & behavior. Results have suggested that as pop density reaches a high level, adrenal function tends to increase considerably, while gonadal function tends to diminish & aggressive behavior tends to increase. Res leads beyond strictly hormonal studies to hormone-related biochemistry of informationprocessing in the nervous system, & into the broader field of human biochemical genetics. Of particular interest is res begun a few yrs ago- into the 'Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.' This is a disorder of purine metabolism in which overproduction of aric acid is accompanied by severe behavior disturbance including unusual aggressive manifestations. The disease is transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait, & a specific enzyme deficiency has been delineated. The presence of abnormal enzyme can now be identified by tests. A range of res possibilities exists re the effects of various brain-stimulating purines on parame - ters of aggressive behavior. It is concluded that the biological set's must ultimately work in conjunction with the soc set's toward a better understanding of endocrine, biochemical, genetic evolutionary & neuropbysiological factors involved in human behavior. M. Maxfield.